Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/500

 408 F O R F R The absence of an intermediate line of defence probably led to the disaster of Sedan and the fatal investment of Paris, while on the other hand the fortresses on the northern frontier, out of date and ill adapted as they were to meet the appliances of modern warfare, enabled Faidherbe s raw levies to hold their ground as successfully as they did. If one truth be taught more clearly than another by the Franco-German war, it is the advantage, nay, the absolute necessity, of fortifying, but of properly fortifying, the capital of a highly centralized country. When we consider France deploring the flower of her youth sacrificed, the de struction wrought in her capital, and the spoliation of two of her fairest provinces, and mulcted in a money payment of 200,000,000, with an addition of 170,000,000 more to her debt, can we avoid the conclusion that no sum spent upon fortifications would have been too large if it had pre served her from such calamities ? All that Paris is to France, London is, and more, to the British empire. Paris is rich and populous ; i^ondon is richer and far more popu lous. Paris was a tempting prize to an invader; London is more tempting and more accessible. The resources of France in her soil and in her climate are great, and her children are so thrifty that she is self-dependent ; but it is far otherwise with Great Britain. She depends upon foreign countries for half the necessaries of life, and the commerce by which her supplies of food are gathered is mainly centred in her capital. France, as we see, has already recovered from the fall of her capital; but the fall of England s might be without a rise, for it might be attended with a collapse of commerce from which there should be no recovery. Yet notwithstanding the pressure of unheard of ills, and with the regeneration of her army straining her resources heavily, France finds means to spend 4,000,000 upon the fortifications of Paris. With this example before her eyes shall Great Britain in the full tide of prosperity do less for London 1 (j. E. P. c. H. N.) Abattis, 422. Ammunition service of heavy guns, 453. Ancient systems, 440. Antwerp, new fortress at, de scribed (Plates V., VI.), 449; account of siege of citadel in 1832 (Plate XL), 458. Armament of fortresses, 454. Armour-piercing guns, power of, 450. Armour plates (Plates VIII. and IX.), 451. Army, intrenchment of, 431. Artillery, penetration of, 428, 448, 450. Assault, 456. Attack of fortified places, 454. Banquette defined, 421; dimen sions of, 428. I&amp;gt;asteien, Durer s, 443. Bastioned lines, 435. Bastioned systems of the Neth erlands, 461. Bastioned trace, 448. Bastions, origin of defence by, 440; a modification of tower- forts, 443. Berm, 428, 429. Bousmard, 462. Bridges, destruction of, 43G. Barbettes, 432. Capitals, fortification of, 466. Caponniferes, 439. Carnot, 442, 463. Chasseloup, 463. Chevaux-de-frise, 423. Choumara, 464. Coast batteries, 451. Coehorn, 441; his system, 462. Command, 422. Cordon, 446. Cormontaigne s system (Plate III.), 446. Counterscarp, 444. Covered-way, 445. Cremaillere, lines en, 435, 437. Crown work, 439. Crows feet, 424. Cupolas (Plate X.), 453. Dantzic, detailed account of siege of, in 1807, 459. Dead angle, 436. Deblai, 429, 435. Defence of fortified places, 457. Defilade, 425-428. De Ville, 441. Disappearing carriage, 451. Ditch, dimensions of, 42!), 444; varieties of, 444. Dufour, 463. Diirer, 443, 465. INDEX. Earthworks, 430. Elementary fortification, 421. Embrasures, 432. Enfilade fire, 426. Entanglements, 423. Epaulements, 424. Errard of Bois-le-duc, 411. Escarp, 444, 445. Field fortification, 430. Field-works, general rules for construction of, 433. Fords, obstruction of, 436. Fortification defined, 421. Forts, 434. Fraises, 423. Freitag, 461. Gabions as entanglement, 423. Garcia, 466. Gatling gun, 465. German system, 448, 465. Glacis, 445; height and slope of, 429. Gorge, 437. Grusen metal, 453. Guns, kinds and number of, 454. Haxo, 463. Horn work, 439. Intrenched camps, 44G. Intrenchments, earthen, 430. Iron-walled forts, 452. Lines of defence, 444. Lining for armour, 453. Lunettes, 437. Magazines, 438. Mining, 443; details of, 464. Modern system (.Plate IV.), 446. Moncrieff gun-carriage, 451. Montalembert, Marquis de, 465. j Xoizet, General, 447, 463.
 * Outworks (Plate IV.), 448.

j Pagan, Comte de, 441. Palisades, 422. Parados, 427. Parapet defined, 421. j Parapets, determination of heights of, 425; thickness of, 428. Paris, siege of, 4C7. Penetration of shell and shot, 428. Permanent fortification, 440. Places of arms, 445. Plevna, defence of, 430. Polygonal system (Plate VII.), 448, 465. Rampart defined, 422, 445. Ramps, 432. Ravelin, 445. Redans, 434, 437. Redoubts, 434, 438 ; size of, for given garrison, 438. Relief, 422. Remblai, 429, 435. Revetments, 42S, 445. Sappers and Miners, 456. Sea-forts, 450. Sebastopol, prolonged defence of, 457. Shelter branches, 430. Shields of iron armour (Plates VIII. and IX.), 452; curved- fronted, 453 Siege operations, 455. Slopes of escarp, &amp;lt;fcc. , 429. Speckle, 445, 4&amp;lt;i5. Star-forts, 434; construction of, 439. Stockades, 424. Sunken way, 451. Tambours, 424. Tenailles, 435, 437, 444. Tetes-de-pont, 435. Torres Vedras, lines of, 431. Towns, open, defence of, 435. Traverses, 427, 438, 445. Trous-de-loup, 424. Turrets (Plate X.), 453. Vauban, Marshal, 441; his sys tems (Plate III.), 444-446. Virgin, General, 466. Villages, defence of, 436. FORTROSE, a royal and parliamentary burgh of Scot land, county of Ross, is situated on the N. side of the Moray Firth, nearly opposite Fort-George, from which it is 2 miles distant, and with which it has regular ferry com munication. It was made an episcopal see in the 12th century by David I., but only a small portion of the cathe dral now remains. It has a handsome Episcopal chapel and academy, and a good harbour, with a depth of 14 feet water at high tide. On account of the romantic scenery of the neighbourhood, the town possesses considerable attractions as a watering place. The parish church is at Rosemarkie, about a mile eastward. Sir James Mackintosh received his early education at Fortrose. This borough unites with Inverness, Forres, and Nairn in returning one member to parliament. The population of the parliamentary burgh (which includes Rosemarkie) was 1017 in 1871. FORTUNA, the Latin goddess of Fortune, answering to the Greek Tyche, rvx^- This deity was of far more importance in Italy than among the Greeks, the special characteristic of the Italian or Latin religion being the worship of abstract qualities. At Rome the culture of Fortune was said to have been introduced and established by Ancus Marcius and Servius Tullius ; and her temples were especially honoured at Antium and Praaneste, where her oracular responses were in the highest repute. She was worshipped under a vast variety of epithets, the most prominent being virilis, as denoting the power which secured to women the affections of their husbands ; muliebris, a name connected with the legend which made the women of Rome prevail over the resolution of Coriolanus ; publica, privata, conservatrix, primigenia, &c. We hear also of a Fortuna Mammosa, corresponding to the many-breasted Artemis of Ephesus, and to the Teutonic Ciza, Zizi, whose name Tacitus in his Germania, c. 9, seems to have con founded with that of the Egyptian Isis. FORTUNATE ISLANDS. See CANARY ISLANDS. FORTUNATUS, the legendary hero of one of the most popular of European chap-books. He was a native, says the story, of Famagosta in Cyprus, and after many strange adventures and vicissitudes fell in with the goddess of Fortune in a wild forest, and received from her a purse which was continually replenished as often as he drew from its stores. With this he wandered through many a city and kingdom, and at last arrived at Cairo as a guest of the