Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/369

 F O L F O L 355 FOLARD, JEAN CHARLES DE (1669-1752), a French writer on military tactics, was bora at Avignon, 13th February 1669. His military ardour was first awakened by reading Caesar s Commentaries, and became so strong that he twice made his escape from parental control, the second time being successful in obtaining the fulfilment of his wishes. When he joined the army he was only sixteen years of age, bnt the zeal with which he studied the scientific department of his profession soon brought him into notice, and in 1702 he became aide-de-camp to the duke of Vendome, who was then in command of the French forces in Italy. For his services with the duke s brother in Lombardy in 1705 Folard received the cross of St Louis, and in the same year he distinguished himself at the battle of Cassano, where he was severely wounded. In 1706 he defended Modena against Prince Eugene. He was dangerously wounded at the battle of Malplaquet, and a few months afterwards was taken prisoner by the Austrians. In 1711 he was appointed governor of Bourbourg, and ho afterwards entered the service of Charles XII. of Sweden, and accompanied him in the invasion of Norway ; but after the death of Charles he returned to France, and served as colonel in the Spanish campaign of the duke of Berwick. On the conclusion of peace he applied himself with renewed diligence to the study of military tactics, and expounded his views in the following works : Nouvelles Decouvertes sur la Guerre, 1724; Gommentaires sur Polybe, 1727; and Fonctions et Devoirs d vm Officier de Cavalrie, 1733. The system of column formation advocated by Folard, and many of his other opinions, have met with nothing but ridicule from tacticians ; but Frederick the Great, while condemning his general system of tactics, nevertheless published an abridgment of his works, under the title of Esprit dit Chevalier Folard, 1761, in the preface to which he expressed a high opinion of the sagacity of Folard s criticism of certain French generals, strongly recommended many of his tactical rules and methods of defence, and admitted that even in his most visionary plans hints were to be found very valuable and suggestive. Folard died at Avignon in 1752. See Memoircs pour scrvir A Vliistoirc de la vie du, Chevalier Folard, 1753. FOLDVAR, or DUNA FOLDVAR, (Danube Fbldvar), a town of Hungary in the county of Tolna, on the right bank of the Danube, 48 miles south of Buda, 46 48 N. lat., 18 45 E. long., is situated partly on the crest and partly on the side of a hill. Among the principal build ings are a circuit judge s court, customs office, barracks, four churches, a Franciscan monastery, and a high school. Foldvar, on account of its position, is an important steam- packet station, and carries on a considerable trade in wood for building purposes by means of the Danube; it is moreover a depot for salt, and has an extensive sturgeon fishery. The surrounding country is fertile both in corn and wine, and the inhabitants are much engaged in agri cultural and commercial pursuits, fruit-growing, the manu facture of pottery, and fishing. The town, which is a domain of the university of Pesth, had formerly strong fortifications, of which some remains still exist. In the revolution of 1848-49 Foldvar was considered an important strategical position, on account of its commanding the com munications between the upper and lower Danube. In 1869 the population was 12,382. FOLENGO, TEOFILO (1491-1544), otherwise known as Merlino Coccajo or Cocajo, one of the principal macaronic poets of the 1 6th century, was born of noble parentage at Cipada near Mantua, Novembers, 1491. From his infancy he showed great vivacity of mind, and a remarkable clever ness in making verses. At the age of sixteen he entered the monastery of Monte Casino near Brescia, and eighteen months afterwards he became a professed member of the Benedictine order. For a few years his life as a monk seems to have been tolerably regular, and he is said to have produced a considerable quantity of Latin verse, written, not unsuccessfully, in the Virgilian style. About the year 1516 he forsook the monastic life for the society of a well born young woman named Girolama Dieda, with whom he wandered about the country for several years, often suffer ing great poverty, having no other means of support than his talent for versification. His first publication was the Merlini Cocaii Macaronicon, which relates the adventures of a fictitious hero named Baldus. The coarse buffoonery of this work is often relieved by touches of genuine poetry, as well as by graphic descriptions and acute criticisms of men and manners. Its macaronic style is rendered pecu liarly perplexing to the foreigner by the frequent intro duction of words and phrases from the Mantuan patois. Though frequently censured for its occasional grossness of idea and expression, it soon attained a wide popularity, and within a very few years passed through several editions. Folengo s next production was the Orlandino, an Italian poem of eight cantos, written in rhymed octaves. It appeared in 1526, and bore on the title-page the new pseudonym of Limerno Pitocco (Merlin the Beggar) da Mantova. In the same year, wearied with a life of dis sipation, Folengo returned to his ecclesiastical obedience ; and shortly afterwards wrote his Chaos del tri per uno, in which, partly in prose, partly in verse, sometimes in Latin, sometimes in Italian, and sometimes in macaronic, he gives a veiled account of the vicissitudes of the life he had lived under his various names. We next find him about the year 1533 writing in rhymed octaves a life of Christ entitled L Umanitft del Figliuolodi Dio ; and he is known to have composed, still later, another religious poem upon the creation, fall, and restoration of man, besides a few tragedies. These, however, have never been published. Some of his later years were spent in Sicily under the patronage of Don Fernando de Gonzaga, the viceroy; he even appears for a short time to have had charge of a monastery there. In 1543 he retired to Santa Croco de Campesio, near Bassano; and there he died on the 9th of December in the following year. Among writers of macaronics Folengo undoubtedly holds a very high place ; nor has his title to the name of poet been disputed even by his most hostile critics. He is frequently quoted and still more frequently copied by that other Benedictine, his great French contemporary, Rabelais. The earlier editions of his Opus Macaronicum are now extremely rare. The often reprinted edition of 1530 exhibits the text as revised by the author after he had begun to amend his life. FOLEY, JOHN HENRY (1818-1874), sculptor, R.A., was born at Dublin, May 24, 1818. Through a distant relative, a sculptor in the city, his attention was early directed to the profession which was to occupy his life, and at thirteen he began to study drawing and modelling at tho schools of the Royal Dublin Society, where he took several first-class prizes. In 1834 he proceeded to London, and in 1835 was admitted a student in the schools of the Royal Academy. He first appeared as an exhibitor in 1839 with his Death of Abel and Innocence. Ino and Bacchus, exhibited in 1840, gave him immediate reputation, and the work itself was afterwards commissioned to be done in marble for the earl of Ellesmere. Conceived entirely with out classical or other affectation, this work has the charm of rare simplicity and grace. Lear and Cordelia and Death of Lear were exhibited in 1841, Venus rescuing J5neas and The Houseless Wanderer in 1842, Prospero and Mir anda in 1843. In 1844 Foley sent to the exhibition at Westminster Hall his Youth at a Stream, and was, with