Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/367

 F O G F O I 353 brane measuring nearly five feet across. The flesh of this species is esteemed a delicacy in many parts of Malaya; but its use in this respect by no means compensates for the enormous amount of fruit which it destroys. The flying foxes are gregarious, nocturnal animals, suspending them selves during the day head downwards by thousands from the branches of trees, where with their wings gathered about them, they bear some resemblance to huge shrivelled- up leaves, or to clusters of some peculiar fruit. In Batchian, according to Wallaco, they suspend themselves chiefly from the branches of dead trees, where they are easily caught or knocked down by sticks, the natives carrying them homo in basketfuls. They are then cooked with abundance of spices, and &quot; are really very good eating, something liko hare.&quot; Towards evening these bats bestir themselves, and fly off in companies to the village plantations, where they feed on all kinds of fruit, and so numerous and voracious are they, that no garden crop has much chance of being gathered which is not specially protected from their attacks. The flying fox of India (Pteropua medius) is a smaller species, but is found in great numbers wherever fruit is to be had in the Indian peninsula. Of this species Mr Francis Day, who has had special opportunities of studying it, says &quot; In their diet they are exclusively frugivorous, and they do very great injury to cocoa-nut plantations and mango gardens. Their habits are very intemperate ; and they often pass the night drinking the toddy from the chatties in the cocoa-nut trees, which results either in their returning home in the early morning in a state of extreme and riotous intoxication, or in being found the next day at the foot of the trees sleeping off the effects of their midnight debauch.&quot; No fossil fox-bats have yet been found. FOGARAS, the capital of an Hungarian county of the same name, in Transylvania, is situated on the left bank of the river Aluta, 55 miles east of Hermannstadt, 45 47 N. lat., 24 54 E. long. Among the principal buildings are a Franciscan monastery, five churches, and a county court-house. The population in 1870 amounted to 4714, It was near this town that Bern was defeated by the llussian generals Engelhardt and Litders on the 12th July, 1849. The county of Fogaras lies on the Wallachian frontier, between the county of Brasso or Cronstadt on the e:ist, and that of Nagy Szeben or Hermannstadt on the west. The climate being cold, and the surface of the country for the most part mountainous and unfavourable to agriculture, the inhabitants arc chiefly employed in rear ing cattle. The population of the old district in 1870 amounted to 82,852, of whom the greater number were Wallachians, the remainder being Saxons and Hungarians. The transformation of the district of Fogaras into a county took place in 1876. FOGELBEUG, BENEDICT ERLAND (1786-1854), a Swedish sculptor, was born at Gothenburg in 1786. His father, a copper-founder, encouraging an early-exhibited taste for design, sent him in 1801 to Stockholm, where he studied at the school of art. There he came much under the influence of the sculptor Sergell, who communicated to him his own enthusiasm for antique art and natural grace. Fogelberg worked hard at Stockholm for many years, although his instinct for severe beauty rebelled against the somewhat rococo quality of the art then prevalent in the city. In 1818 the grant of a Government pension enabled him to travel. He studied from one to two years in Paris, first under Pierre Guerin, and afterwards under the sculptor Bosio, for the technical practice of sculpture. In 1820 Fogelberg realized a dream of his life in visiting Rome, where the greater part of his remaining years were spent in the assiduous practice of his art and the careful study and analysis of the works of the past. Visiting his native country by royal command in 1854, he was received with great enthusiasm, but nothing could compensate him for the absence of those remains of antiquity and surroundings of free natural beauty to which he had been so long accustomed. Returning to Italy, he died suddenly of apoplexy at Trieste, December 22, 1854. The subjects of Fogelberg s earlier works are mostly taken from classic mythology. Of these, Cupid and Psyche, Venus entering the Bath, A Bather (1838), Apollo Citharede, Venus and Cupid (1839), and Psyche (1854) may be mentioned. His native Scandinavian mythology forcibly engaged the attention of Fogelberg, and in his re presentations of that mythology he showed, perhaps for the first time, that he had powers above those of intelligent assimilation and imitation. His Odin (1831), Thor (1842), and Balder (1842), though influenced by his study of Greek art, still display considerable power of independent, self- reliant imagination. His portraits and historical figures, as those of Gustavus Adolphus (1849), of Charles XII. (1851), of Charles XIII. (1852), and of Birger Jarl, the founder of Stockholm (1853), are faithful and dignified works. Thirty-eight copperplate engravings of Fogelberg s works, with a portrait and biographical notice, were published by M. Casimir Leconte, Paris, 1856. FOGGIA, a city of Italy, capital of the province of Capitanata, situated near the centre of the great plain of Apulia, 122 miles by rail E.N.E. of Naples. It is well built, and the main streets are wide and clean. The prin cipal church, originally a stately Norman edifice, was almost destroyed by an earthquake in 1731, and the upper part has been rebuilt in a different style, which greatly in jures the effect. There are numerous other churches, a fortified palace now in ruins, a large theatre, a custom house, an orphanage, a college for daughters of the nobility, a public library, an agricultural society, an economical society, an ornithological museum, and an Artesian well. The town has now become a great railway junction, just as it was formerly the meeting place of the principal roads of the country. It is a staple market for corn and wool, and one of the largest fairs of southern Italy is held there in May. The corn magazines or fosse are very extensive, con sisting of vaults lined with masonry under the principal streets and squares. Other articles of export are capers, wine, and oil. The flocks of sheep that descend annually in autumn from the mountains of Abruzzo into the plains of Apulia pay a toll as they pass through the city. The population in 1872 was 34,181. Foggia was probably founded in the 9th century, and it is sup posed that it occupied the site of the ancient Arpi or Argyripa, and derives its name from the forrcc or pits that were dug among the ruins. It was a favourite residence of Frederick II., who in 1240 held a parliament within its wails ; and there he lost his third wife, Isabella, daughter of King John of England. In 1254 Manfred, the natural son of Frederick, defeated the forces of Pope Innocent IV. outside the city, which was not long afterwards laid in ruins by Charles of Anjou. Ferdinand I. summoned his barons and prelates to Foggia to prepare a crusade against the Turks. FOIL, thin silvered sheet-copper, highly polished, and coated with mixtures of isinglass and transparent colours, is employed by jewellers to place at the back of paste and inferior stones to improve their tints and lustre. Copper foil, known also as Nuremberg or German foil, is made from thin hammered copper plates by heating between sheets of iron, boiling in solution of tartar and salt, drying, hammering, and lastly polishing with whiting on a convex smooth surface of copper. FOIX (Lat. Fuxum), a town of France, capital of an arrondissement, and also of the department of Ariege, is situated on the left bank of the Ariege, in the gorge of a narrow valley at the foot of the Pyrenees, 44 miles south of Toulouse. It is badly built, and its streets are uneven and irregular. In the middle of the town rises the old castle of the counts of Foix, situated on a rock 50 feet IX. -- 45