Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/303

 F L A F L A 291 of the countess Gertrude. His younger daughter Judith had married Tostig, brother of Harold II. of England. On his death in 1067, Baldwin of Mons succeeded to the countship of Flanders, apparently without opposition on the part of Robert his elder brother ; but a few years afterwards a quarrel broke out, and Baldwin was slain. Robert now claimed the tutelage of Baldwin s children, and obtained the support of the emperor Henry IV.; while llichilde, Baldwin s widow, appealed to Philip of France. The contest was decided at Ravenchoven, near Cassel, February 22, 1071, where Robert was victor, and Arnulf III., Baldwin s son, was slain. Arras, Douai, Tournai, and other towns of French Flanders had taken part with the countess and the French, while Ghent, Bruges, Ypres, Courtrai, and other towns of Flanders proper were on the side of Robert. The successful competitor held the countship till his death in 1093, when he was succeeded by his son Robert II., who became famous for his exploits in the first crusade, and acquired the title of Lance^and Sword of Christendom. Baldwin VII., surnamed A la Ilache, or With the Axe, became count on Robert s death in 1119, and in his turn transmitted the dignity to his cousin Charles of Denmark, son of Canute and Adelais, daughter of Robert the Frisian. This Charles of Denmark was a religious enthusiast, and exercised his authority against all swearers, necromancers, Jews, and usurers. At Bruges in 1127 he ordered all the granaries to be thrown open ; and the merchants who had expected to make gain by the dearth were so enraged that they formed a con spiracy and procured his assassination in the church of St Donat. No fewer than six pretenders to the countship now appeared, and among the rest William Clito, son of Robert Courthose of Normandy, and Thierri or Theodoric of Alsace. The latter was the successful competitor, and he married the widow of Count Charles, Marguerite of Cler- mont. He distinguished himself at home by the wise en couragement which he gave to the growth of popular liberty, and abroad by the part which he took in several crusading expeditions. In the latter years of his life he retired to Gravelines, leaving the cares of state to his son Philip, who when he came to rule in his own name followed in his father s footsteps, and acquired the honourable reputation of &quot; the greatest lawgiver of Flanders.&quot; He married Elizabeth of Vermandois, and on her death had a violent dispute with the French monarch about the possession of Vermandois, which was ultimately granted him during his life. As he had no children his inheritance went to Baldwin of Hainault, who had married his sister Marguerite, a change of the dynasty which considerably affected the relations of Flanders with France. The French king laid claim to the countship, and Baldwin was con strained to cede Artois, St Omer, Lens, Hesdin, and a great part of southern Flanders to France, and to allow Matilda of Portugal, the widow of Philip, to hold Lille, Cassel, Veurne, Rille, and Sluys. Marguerite died in 1194 and Baldwin in 1195, and the countship devolved on their son Baldwin IX., who became the founder of the Latin empire at Constantinople, and perished in Bulgaria in 1206. The emperor s two daughters were both under age, and accordingly the government of Flanders and Hainault was entrusted to his brother Philip, assisted by Bosschaert of Avesnes and William of Hainault. Johanna the elder daughter was married to Ferdinand or Ferrand of Portugal, but left no heir ; and so the inheritance of both Flanders and Hainault passed on her death in 1279 to the children of the younger, Margaret the latter to John her eldest son by her first marriage with Bosschaert of Avesnes, and the former to Guy of Dampierre, a son of her second marriage with William of Dampierre, a French nobleman. The government of Guy proved an unfortunate one : Flanders was involved in a severe struggle with France, and for a time almost lost its independence. The old count died at Compiegne in prison about two months after peace was concluded in 1305 ; and Robert of Bethune, hi:! son, was acknowledged his successor both by the Flemings and by the French. Robert was an able and valiant prince, and has the honour of having established at Bruges the first insurance company. The reign of his grandson and suc cessor Louis of Nevers and Rethel, who had been brought up at the French court and married to Margaret the French king s daughter, was rendered for ever memorable by the enterprise of Jacob van Artevelde, the great hero of Flemish liberty. Louis perished in the battle of Crecy, and left his county to his son Louis II. of Male, near Bruges, under whom the struggle of the Flemish towns for their liberties was maintained. By the marriage of Louis s daughter Margaret with Philip of Burgundy, the lordship of Flanders passed to the Burgundian family ; and thus it ultimately became part of. the possessions of the house of Austria. The title of count of Flanders has been borne since 1 840 by the second son of Leopold I. of Belgium, Philip Eugene Ferdinand. Sec &quot; Genealogia comitum Flandrirs edente D. L. 0. Betli- marm,&quot; in Monumcnta Germanice Historica Hcriptorum, vol. ix. ; &quot; Gonealogic der Grafen von Flandern, Sachsische Weltchromk, Auhang vi.&quot; in Mon. Germ. Hist., Scriptorum qui vcrnacula lingua usisunt Tomus II.; Vrcdius, Historia Comitum Flandricc, 1650- 1652; Van Traet, Histoire de la Flatidre, 2 vols., 1828; Le Glay, Jliatoire dcs Comics de Flandrc, 2 vols., 1843-4; Wanikb nig, Flan- drischc Staats- und RecMsycsckichte bis 1306, 3 vols., 1835-1839; Hendrik Conscience, Geschiedcnis van Bclgie, 1845; F. G. Stephens, Flemish Relics, 1866; Kervyn van Lettenhove, Hintoirc de Flandrc, 4 vols., 1874; Frederieq, li&le politique ct social du due daBourgogne dans Ics Pays- Bas, 1875. FLANDRIN, JEAN HIPPOLYTE (1809-1864), French painter, was born at Lyons in 1809. His father, though brought up to business, had great fondness for art, and sought himself to follow an artist s career. Lack of early training, however, disabled him for success, and he was obliged to take up the precarious occupation of a miniature painter. Hippolyte was the second of three sons, all painters, and two of them eminent, for the third son Paul is one of the leaders of the modern landscape school of France. Auguste, the eldest, passed the greater part of his life as professor at Lyons, where he died in 1840. After studying for some time at Lyons, Hippolyte and Paul, who had long determined on the step and economized for it, set out to walk to Paris in 1829, to place themselves under the tuition of Hersent. They chose finally to enter the atelier of Ingres, who became not only their instructor but their friend for life. At first considerably hampered by poverty, Flandrin s difficulties were for ever removed by his taking, in 1832, the Grand Prix de Rome, awarded for his picture of the Recognition of Theseus by his Father. This allowed him to study five years at Rome, whence he sent home several pictures which considerably raised his fame. St Clair Healing the Blind was done for the cathe dral of Nantes, and years after, at the exhibition of 1855, brought him a medal of the first class. Jesus and the little Children was given by the Government to the town of Lizieux. Dante and Virgil visiting the Envious Men struck with Blindness, and Euripides writing his Tragedies, belong to the museum at Lyons. Returning to^ Paris through Lyons in 1838 he soon received commission to ornament the chapel of St John in the church of St Sdverin at Paris, and reputation increased and employment continued abundant for the rest of his life. Besides the pictures mentioned above, and others of a similar kind, he painted a great number of portraits. The works, how ever, upon which his fame most surely rests are his monu mental decorative paintings. Of these the principal are those executed in the following churches : in the sanctuary of