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 F I T F I X 273 Besides his works already named mention may be made of Remarks on. New Zealand (1846) ; Sailing Directions fo-r South America (1848) ; his official reports to the Board of Trade (1857-65) ; and occasional papers in the journal of the Koyal Geographical Society and of the Koyal United Service Institution. (J. K. L.) FITZSTEPHEN, WILLIAM, an English historian, was a native of London, and died in 1191. Becoming a monk of Canterbury, he had very confidential relations with Tliomas a Becket. Shortly after the death of Thomas he wrote his life in Latin, a work which bears internal evidence of greater impartiality and truthfulness than most of the archbishop s biographies, and is besides of interest as containing a long description of the city of London. There is a manuscript copy of the work in the British Museum. A translation of the description of London was inserted by Stowe in his Survey of London, and in 1772 Dr 1 egge published a new and more correct edition, in Latin and English, accompanied with notes and an essay on the author. A corrected version, with a translation, was also inserted in the edition of Stowe s Survey pub lished in 1843. FIUME (Slav. RIEKA, German ST VEIT-AM-FLAUM), a royal free town and port of Hungary situated at the northern extremity of the Gulf of Quarnero, on the Recina (Fiumara), 46 miles by road S.E. of Trieste, 45 19 19&quot; N. lat., 14 26 43&quot; E. long. It consists of an old and a new town, the former standing on a hill, the latter extending along the shore. The population in 1869 amounted to 14,039 for the town, and 4770 for the territory of Fiume ; of these the greatest number were Roman Catholics. Among the many important buildings are the old chapter or cathedral church of the Assumption of the Virgin, and the church of St Yeit, built in imitation of Sta. Maria delta Salute at Venice, the theatre, capable of holding 1600 persons, the palace of Gorup, the barracks, and the elegant marine academy founded in 1856. In the old town is an ancient Roman triumphal arch, said to have been erected in honour of the emperor Claudius II. Fiume possesses several educational establishments, among which are a real- gymnasium, two municipal high schools, and a Croatian gymnasium. The consuls of several states reside in the town, which is the seat of a high court of justice for com merce and marine, and of a chamber of industry and com merce. Among the benevolent institutions are asylums for lunatics and decayed citizens, and an industrial home for boys. Notwithstanding the revival of trade at Trieste, commercial enterprise and industry have considerably increased at Fiume, and the town has now two railways, opened in 1873 one a branch of the southern railway from Vienna to Trieste, the other of the Hungarian state railway from Carlstadt. Fiume is the immediate outlet by sea for the produce of Hungary, with which country it is connected by the Louisen-strasse opened in 1809. It has two harbours Porto Canale Fiumara, suitable only for coasting vessels and small craft, and Porto Nuovo, affording good accommodation for large ships. The latter port, commenced in 1847, is now (1878) being much enlarged and extended to meet the increasing requirements of trade, and when completed will occupy an area of 57i acres, and afford quay accommodation for 100 large vessels. The chief exports are wheat, wine, tobacco, timber, rags, salt, rape-seed, hemp, and paper, of which last the annual exports amount to upwards of 30,000 cwt. Foremost among the industrial establishments are Whitehead s torpedo factory, Messrs Smith & Meynie s paper-mill, the royal tobacco factory (furnishing yearly more than 200 million cigars and cigarettes and employing above 3000 hands), a chemical factory where 1600 tons of sulphate of soda are annually made, and a large steam flour-mill. Besides these may be mentioned several shipbuilding yards, tanneries, and rope manufactories. The soil of the surrounding country is stony, but the climate is warm, and wine is extensively produced. The Gulf of Quarnero yields a plentiful supply of fish, and the tunny trade with Trieste and Venice is of considerable importance. Fiume is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Liburnian town Tersatica; later it received the name of Vitopolis, and eventually that of Fanum Sancti Viti ad Flumen, from which its present name is derived. It was destroyed by Charlemagne in 799, from which time it probably long remained under the dominion of the Franks. It was held in feudal tenure from the patriarch of Aquileia by the bishop of Tola, and afterwards, in 1139, by the counts of Uuiuo, who retained it till the end of the fourteenth cen tury. It next passed into the hands of the counts of Wallsee, by whom it was surrendered in 1471 to the emperor Frederick III., who incorporated it with the dominions of the house of Austria. From this date till 1776 Fiume was ruled by imperial governors. In 1723 it was declared a free port by Charles VI., in 1776 united to Croatia by the empress Maria Theresa, and in 1779 declared a corpus separatum of the Hungarian crown. In 1809 Fiume was occupied by the French ; but it was retaken by the English in 1813, and restored to Austria in the following year. It was ceded to Hungary in 1822, but after the revolution of 1848-49 was annexed to the crown lands of Croatia, under the government of which it remained for the next twenty years. Since August 1870 the town and territory of Fiume have been under the direct control of the Hungarian central Government. See &quot; Fiume and her New Port,&quot; by G. L. Fabcr, II.B.M. Vice-Consul at Finnic, in Jour, of the Hoc. of Arts, Nov. 1877. FIVES is a game which has existed in various forms from the earliest times. The name is derived from the essential feature of the pastime consisting in striking a ball with the five digits of the human hand, the idea of there sometimes having been five players on each side requiring confirmation. Amongst the Greeks the d-n-oppa^ts was somewhat akin, since a ball was struck with the hand ai many successive times as possible at each rebound from the ground. Of the method of playing the Roman pila we possess no details. Horace (Sat., i. 5, 48) speaks of it thus : - Lusum it Maecenas, dormitum ego Virgiliusque; Namque pila lippis inimicum et ludere crudis. Judging from these lines the ball play of that day mus&amp;gt;l have been both fatiguing and dangerous. In the Close Roll, 39 Edward III. (1365) mem. 23, pila mamtalis is mentioned as one of those pastimes which had caused the recent deterioration of archery, and some description of fives is no doubt referred to. During the 15th century palm play in England and jeu de paume in France were the chief analogous pastimes. In recent times our great public schools and universities have become the sole nurseries of fives. In the &quot; open&quot; court the only desiderata are a level piece of ground with a smooth wall in front against which the ball is struck. A &quot; close&quot; court has in addition two side-walls at right angles to the front one, and the whole may or may not be covered in. The invariable principle is to strike the ball, not later than at its first rebound from the ground, against the front wall and above a certain line as many consecutive times as possible. A single game comprises one player a side, a double one two. The minor rules vary at most schools and universities, and are generally handed down by tradition. About two inches is the usual diameter of the ball, the core being made of india-rubber, bound round with fine twine, and covered with white leather. FIVES, a town in France, department of the Nord, now administratively connected with Lille, See LILLE. FIX, THEODORE (1800-1846), a French journalist and political economist, was born at Soleure in Switzerland in 1800. His father was a French physician who had been expatriated by the edict of Nantes. Young Fix adopted at first the profession of a land surveyor, but, tiring of the monotony of this employment, he in 1830 became connected with the Bulletin Universel des Sciences, to which he con tributed most of the geographical articles. In 1833 he IX. 35