Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/26

 16 F A L F A L crumpled and distorted, in the low grounds clay slate and soft sandstone, and on the ridges hardened sandstone pass ing into the conspicuous white quartzites. There do not seem to be any minerals of value, and the rocks are not such as to indicate any probability of their discovery. Galena is found in small quantity, and in some places it contains a large percentage of silver. The dark bituminous layers of clay slate, which occur intercalated among the quartzites, have led, here as elsewhere, to the hope of com ing upon a seam of coal, but it is entirely contrary to experience that coal of any value should be found in rocks of that age. Most of the valleys in the Falklands are occupied by pale glistening masses which at a little distance have very much the look of some of the smaller Swiss glaciers. Examined a little more closely these are found to be vast accumula tions of blocks of quartzite, irregular in form, but having a tendency to a rude diamond shape, from two to eight or ten or twenty feet in length, and half as much in width, and of a thickness corresponding with that of the quartzite ridges on the hills above. The blocks are angular, like the frag ments in a breccia, and rest irregularly one upon the other, supported in all positions by the angles and edges of those beneath. The whole mass looks as if it were, and no doubt it is, slowly sliding down the valley to the sea. These &quot; stone rivers &quot; are looked upon with great wonder by the shifting population of the Falklands, and they are shown to visitors with many strange speculations as to their mode of formation. Their origin is not far to seek. The hard beds of quartzite are denuded by the disintegration of the softer layers. Their support being removed they break away in the direction of natural joints, and the fragments fall down the slope upon the vegetable soil. This soil is spongy, and, undergoing alternate contraction and expansion from being alternately comparatively dry and saturated with moisture, allows the heavy blocks to slip down by their own weight into the valley, where they become piled up, the valley stream afterwards removing the soil from among and over them. They certainly present a very striking phenomenon. See Fernet/, Journal historique dinc voyage faite aux tics Ma- louines en 1763 ct 1764, Berlin, 1767 ; S. Johnson, Thoughts on the late 2 J ransactions respecting Falkland s Islands, 1771 ; T. Falkner, Description of Patagonia ami the Falkland Islands, 1774; B. Pen- rose, Account of the last Expedition to Port Egmont in the Falkland Islands, 1775; Observations on the forcible occupation of Malvinas ly the British Government in 1833, Buenos Ayres, 1833 ; lleda- macion del GoMcrno dc las provincial Unidas dc la Plata contra el de S. M. Britanica sobre la sol-crania- y posscsionde las Islas Mal vinas, London, 1841 ; Fitzroy, Narrative of the surveying voyage of H.M.S. Adventure and Beagle, 1839 ; Darwin, Voyage of a Naturalist round the World, 1845 ; S. B. Sullivan, Description of the Falkland Islamls, 1849 ; W. Hadfield, Brazil, the Falkland Islands, &c., 1854; W. Parker Snow, Two years cruise off the Ticrra del Fucgo, the Falkland Islands, &c., 1857; Sir Wyville Thomson, Voyage of the Challenger, 1877. (C. W. T.) FALLMERAYER, JAKOB PHILIPP (1791-1861), a German traveller and historical investigator, best known for his opinions in regard to the ethnology of the modern Greeks, was born, the son of a poor peasant, at Tschotsch, near Brixen in Tyrol, 10th December 1791. In 1809 he absconded from the cathedral school at Brixen and repaired to Salzburg, where he studied theology, the Semitic languages, and history. At the university of Landshut, to which he next removed, he at first applied himself to juris prudence, but soon again devoted his exclusive attention to history and philology. During the Napoleonic wars the still youthful student forsook his books, joined the Bavarian in fantry in 181 3, took part in a battle near Hanau, and accom panied his regiment to France. Receiving his discharge in 1818, he was successively engaged as teacher and professor in the gymnasium at Augsburg, and in the pro-gymnasium and Lyceum at Laudshut. The three years from 1831 to 1834 ho spent in travel, along with the Russian Count Ostermann Tolstoi, visiting Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Cyprus, Rhodes, Constantinople, Greece, and Naples. On his return he was elected in 1835 a member of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, but he soon after left the country again on account of political troubles, and spent the greater part of the next four years with Count Tolstoi at Geneva. Con stantinople, Trapezunt, Athos, Macedonia, Thessaly, and Greece were visited by him during 1840-41 ; and after some years residence in Munich he returned in 1847 to the East, and travelled through parts of Palestine, Syria, and Asia Minor. The political changes in Bavaria invited him home in 1848, and he was appointed professor of history in the Munich university, and made a member of the national congress at Frankfort-on-the-Maine. He there joined the left or opposition party, and in the following year he accom panied the rump-parliament to Stuttgart, a course of action which naturally led to his expulsion from his professorate. During the winter of 1849-50 he was obliged to live in Switzerland to escape arrest, but the amnesty of April 1850 enabled him to return to Munich. He died April 2G, 1861. His contributions to the history of Greece in the Middle Ages are of great value ; and though his theory that the Greeks of the present day are almost pure Slavonians, with hardly a drop of true Greek blood in their veins, has not been accepted in toto by other investigators, it has served to modify the opinions of even his greatest opponents. A criticism of his views will be found in Hopf s Gescldchte Griechenlands (reprinted from Ersch and Gruber s Encyd. and in Finlay s History of Greece in the Middle Ages. His works are Gcschichte des Kaiscrthums Trapezunt, Munich, 1827 ; Geschichte der Halbinscl Morea im Mittclalter, Stuttgart, 1830-1836 ; Ucbcr die Entstchung dcr Ncugricchen, Stuttgart, 1835 ; &quot; Originalfragmente, Chroiiiken, u. s. w., zur Geschichte des K. Trapezunts,&quot; Munich, 1843, in Alihandl. dcr. hist. Classe dcr K. Baycrisch Akad. v. IViss.; Fragmcntc aus dcm Orient, Stuttgart, 1845 ; Dcnkschrift iibcr Golgotha und das heilige Grab, Munich, 1852, and Das Todtc Mccr, 1853 both of which had appeared in the Alhandlungcn of the Academy ; Das Albancsische Element in Griechcnland, III. parts, in the Abhandl. for 1860-1866. After his death there appeared at Leipsic in 1861, under the editorship of A. Thomas, three volumes of Gcsammelte Werke, containing Neue Fragmcnte aus dcm Orient, Kritische Vcrsuche, and Studicn und Erinncrungen aus mcincm Lebcn. A sketch of his life will also be found in L. Steub, Hcrbsttage in Tyrol, Munich, 1867. FALLOPIUS, or FALLOPIO, GARRIELLO (1523-1562), one of the greatest anatomists of his time, was a native of Modena. He studied medicine at Ferrara, and, after a European tour, became teacher of anatomy in that city. He thence removed to Pisa, and from Pisa, at the instance of Cosmo I., grand-duke of Tuscany, to Padua, where, besides the chairs of anatomy and surgery and of botany, he held the office of superintendent of the new botanical garden. He died October 9, 1562. Only one treatise by Fallopius appeared during his lifetime, namely the Observa- tiones Anatomicae, Venice, 1561. His collective works, Opera genuina omnia, were published at Venice in 1584. For an account of the services which Fallopius rendered to anatomical science, see ANATOMY, vol. i. p. 809. FALL RIVER, a city of the UnitedStates, Massachusetts, is situated on Mount Hope Bay, the north-east arm of Narraganset Bay, 46 miles S. of Boston. The Fall river, which here joins the Taunton, has a descent of 130 feet in less than half a mile, and its great water-power was at an early period of much advantage for the development of tho manufactures of the town, but most of the mills are now driven by steam. The town is well built, and many of the streets are finely adorned with trees. The harbour on Taunton river is safe and easy of access, and has depth of water sufficient for the largest ships. Fall River has a large coasting trade, and is engaged in the whale and other