Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/117

 F E R F E 11 107 vascular bundle sheath. The cortical tissue surrounding the axial cylinder is often largely converted into sclerenchyma. The sporangia of Lycopodium make their appearance upon the upper surface of the fertile leaves (fig. 24), and, accord ing to Sachs, are developed from the sub-epidermal tissue. The spores are only of one kind (fig. 25), and on germina tion, according to the observations of Fankhauser, produce a subterranean prothallium, resembling that of Ophio- glossacece, and bearing antheridia and archegonia. 2. Liyulahe includes two orders markedly different in vegetative characters. In both the leaves are furnished at the base with a small appendage called a ligule, wanting in the Lycopodiacece. Selaginellece. The ramification of Selagindla often pro duces flat frond-like systems of branches, owirr- to the Fig. 20. Fig. 24. Fig. 25. Fig. 2-3. Fin. 2.1. Branch of Lycoprxlium cJavatum with spornngiferous spikes. FIG. 24. Leaf from the spike of Lycojiodiuni, bearing a sporangium. FIG. 25. Detached sporangium of a Lycupodiuni opening to discharge the spores. FIG. 26. Detached macro-sporangium of a SclagineUa opening to discharge the four macrospores. FIG. 27. Contents of macrospore of Silaginclla Martensii, showing the young prothallium (p). FIG. 28. Vertical section through the -upper part of a macrospore of fSflarjineJffr, showing the prothnllium with unfertilized archegonia, and an embryo grow ing downwards into the endosperm. regular suppression of one side of the dichotomies. The leaves, which are arranged in four longitudinal rows, are in these cases often unequal, those attached to the under side of the horizontally spreading stem being larger than those on the upper side. The structure of the stem differs from that of Lycopodium in having no axial cylinder, the fibro- vascular bundles being distinct from one another although transversely expanded like those of Lycopodium. In details of structure they agree with the bundles of ferns. Each is often surrounded by a system of air-cavities. The roots branch dichotomously. The sporangia of Selarjinella are shortly stalked, and are inserted in the axil or even in the base of a leaf; the fibro-vascular bundle runs beneath it without sending a branch into it. Macrosporangia (fig. 26), containing usually four niacro- spores, occur in the same spike with the microsporangia. For a detailed account of the prothallial stage (oophore) of Selaginella reference may be made to Sach s test-book. The female prothallium is more distinctly endogenous than even in Jfkizocarpece. It is formed from a portion of the contents of the macrospore (fig. 27), which ruptures partially, exposing the prothallium with its first archegonium. The remaining part of the cavity of the spore becomes filled with a cellular tissue, which may be compared to the endo sperm of phanerogams. This is not the only point in which the reproduction of tidayinella approaches that of flowering plants. The oospore first divides transversely, in which respect it differs widely from Filices and Rhizocarpeos. The upper half forms the suspensor, a structure wanting in all other cryptogams, but characteristic of phanerogams. The lower half forms the embryo, which by the elongation of the suspensor is at first carried down into the endosperm (fig. 28), the cells of which it partially absorbs in its further development. The microspores produce the antherozoids, containing, in addition, traces of a rudimentary prothallium. The Isoetea; consist of the species of the monotypic genus Isoetes, which, almost always aquatic in habit, are found all over the world. They are all remarkable for the extraor dinarily slow growth in length and absence of branching in the stem, which consists of a small tuberous body bearing the rosette of leaves without internodes. It has the unique peculiarity amongst the vascular cryptogams of increasing in diameter by additions to the parenchymatous cortical tissue external to the central fibro-vascular axis. The sporangia of Isoetes are produced at the bases of the leaves, and are unquestionably foliar products ; the outer leaves of the rosette produce only macrosporangia, the inner only microsporangia. The macrospores are entirely filled by the female prothallium, the wall being finally ruptured at the apex, as in Sdaginella. Reference may be made to the article BIOLOGY for a general view of the relations of the reproductive processes in Ptcridophyta to other Cormophyta, and especially phanerogams. See also A Text- look of Botany, Morphological and Physiological, by J. Sachs (3d edition), translated by A. W. Bennett and W. T. Thiselton Dyer; Lclirluch dcr Botanik, von Dr Julius Sachs, vierte Auflage ; Ycrglcichende Anatomic dcr Vcgctationsorgane dcr Phanerogamcn und Farne, von Dr A. de Bary ; Synopsis Filicum, by Sir W. J. Hooker and J. G. Baker. (W. T. T. D. J. G. BA.) FEROZEPORE. See FIKOZPUR. FERRAND, ANTOLXE FuANgois CLAUDE, COMTE (1751- 1825), statesman and political writer, was born at Paris July 4, 1751, and entered the Parlement de Paris at the early age of eighteen as &quot; conseiller aux enquetes.&quot; During the Revolution he belonged to the emigrant party, and from 1794 to 1801 led a quiet life at Ratisbon, employing him self in literary work. In 1814 Ferrand was made minister of state and directeur gc ne ral des postes. It was he who, as ministre du roi, countersigned the act of sequestration of Napoleon s property, and who, in introducing a bill for the restoration of the property of emigrants, established a dis tinction, since become famous, between royalists of &quot; la ligno droite&quot; and those of &quot;la ligne courbe.&quot; At the second restoration, Ferrand became again directeur general des postes. He was also madj a peer of France, member of the privy council, grand-officier and secretary of the orders of Saint Michel and Saint Esprit, and in 181 G member of the Academy. In his old age he became blind and enfeebled. He died January 17, 1825. Besides a large number of political pamphlets, Ferrand is the author of I Esprit de I histoire, ou Lcttrcs d unpere a son f Is sur la maniire d etudicr I histoire, 1802, which reached seven editions, the last number in 1826 having prefixed to it a biographical sketch of the author by his nephew Hericart de Thury ; loge historiquc. de Madame Elisabeth de France, 1814 ; (Euvres Dramaiiqucs, 1817; Tldorie des revolutions rapprochee des ecencmcnts qui en ont ele I originf, le developpemcnt, on la suite, 1817 ; and Histoire des trois demcmbrements de la Polorjne, pour fair e suite a I Histoire de I Anar chic de Polo&amp;lt;jne2 &amp;gt;ar Hulhiere, 1820. FERRARA, a city of Italy, at the head of a circondario and province of the same name, is situated in a flat alluvial