Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 8.djvu/887

Rh F A I F A I 851 cation of iron to defensive purposes.&quot; The results of his experiments were published in the proceedings of the com mittee. Fairbairn was a member of many learned societies, both British and foreign. In 1860 he received the degree of LL.D. from the university of Edinburgh, and in 18G2 that of D.C.L. from the university of Cambridge. He declined the honour of knighthood in 1 8G1, but accepted a baronetcy in 1869. He died at Moor Park, Surrey, August 18, 1874. Perhaps no one ever made more use than Fairbairn of the time at his disposal, for amid all the cares of business he not only found leisure for varied scientific investigation, but managed to obtain a wide acquaintance with general litera ture, to conduct an extensive correspondence on a great variety of subjects, and also to participate largely in the delights of social intercourse. In private his unassuming but dignified simplicity, his thorough honour, and his geniality and kindness secured him general esteem. The results he achieved in mechanical science were due chiefly to minute, patient, and sagacious observation and experi ment. It was his habit to aid himself in his investigations by committing his ideas to writing, and, when his opinions on any subject were matured, to communicate them to the world either in a published volume, or by a paper read be fore some learned institution. By his extensive acquaint ance with English authors, and his early and patient prac tice of composition, he acquired the possession of a clear, simple, and nervous style, and his writings are in this re spect worthy to be regarded as models in their own species of literature. Among his principal writings, besides those already mentioned, may be named On the Application of Cast and Wrought Iron to Build ing Purposes, 1856 ; Iron, its History, Properties, and Processes of Manufacture (reprinted from the eighth edition of the Encyclopaedia, Britannica}, 1861 ; Treatises on Mills and Milhvork, part i., 1861, part ii., 1863 ; Treatise on Iron Shipbuilding, 1865 ; and An Experi mental Enquiry into the Strength, Elasticity, Ductility, and other Properties of Steel, 1869. These have all passed through several editions. His papers read before learned societies are too numerous to be mentioned. The Life of Sir William Fairbairn, partly written by himself, and edited and completed by William Pole, F. U.S., was published in 1877, and a popular edition of this work appeared in 1878. FAIRFAX, EDWARD (? 1580-1632), the most poetical of all the translators of Tasso, was a native of Yorkshire, second son of Sir Thomas Fairfax of Denton. As Roger Dodsworth, the antiquary a contemporary of Fairfax styles him the &quot;natural&quot; son of Sir Thomas, it has been assumed that the poet was illegitimate, but it is certain that in the time of Queen Elizabeth the term &quot;natural&quot; was often used to signify true or legitimate, i.e., the father s own son. We may therefore conclude with Douglas in his Peerage that Edward was the lawful son of Sir Thomas Fairfax, by Dorothy his wife, daughter of George Gale of Ascham Grange. The date of his birth has not been ascertained. He is said to have been only about twenty years of age when he published his translation of the Gerusalemme Liberata. This is very doubtful, but it would place his birth about the year 1580. He seems early to have preferred a life of study and retirement to the military service in which his brothers were distinguished. Having married, he lived at Fuystone, n, place situated between the paternal seat of Denton and the forest of Kimresbo rough, and there his time was spent in his literary pursuits, and in the education of his children and those of his elder brother, Sir Thomas Fairfax, afterwards bvron of Cameron. His famous trans lation appeared in 1600, Godfrey of Bulloigne, or the Ifecoverie of lerusalem, done into English heroicall Verse by Edw. Fairefax, Gent. Never did any mere translation re ceive such enthusiastic and continued approbation as this work by Fairfax. In the same year in which it was pub lished extracts from it were printed in England s Parnassus. Edward Phillips, the nephew of Milton, in his Theatrum Poetarum, a work in which, ES Warton says, may be discovered many traces of Milton s hand, warmly eulogized the translation. Waller said he was indebted to it for the harmony of his numbers. Dryden places the translator almost on a parity with Spenser (whom undoubt edly Fairfax imitated), and Collins has beautifully asso ciated him with his great original, Tasso : &quot;How have I sat, when piped the pensive wind, To hear his harp by British Fairfax strung ! Prevailing poet, whose undoubting mind Believed the magic wonders which he sung J&quot; 1 In more recent times we find Campbell pronouncing Fairfax s work one of the glories of the reign of Elizabeth, to whom it was dedicated. Hallam, more critical, said the translation did not represent the grace of its original, and deviated too much from its sense, yet was by no means de ficient in -spirit or vigour. The poetical spirit of the work is indeed its life blood and preservation. Hoole and Hunt may give a more literal version, but Fairfax alone seizes upon the poetical and chivalrous character of the poem. As Denham says of Fanshawe s rendering of the Pastor Fido : They but preserve the ashes, lie the flame True to its sense, but truer to its fame. &quot; And in this way he carries along with him the interest and admiration of the reader. The sweetness and melody of many passages are scarcely excelled even by Spenser. Fairfax made no other appeal to the public. He wrote however, a series of eclogues, ten in number, one of which, the fourth, was published by permission of the family, in Mrs Cooper s Muses Library (1737). He wrote also a Discourse on Witchcraft, as it ivas acted in the Family of Mr Edward Fairfax of Fuystone in the county of York in 1621, which was edited from the original copy by Mr Monckton Milnes (now Lord Houghton) in the Miscellanies of the Philobiblon Society, 1858-9. Fairfax was a firm believer in witchcraft. He fancied that some of his children had been bewitched, and he had the poor wretches whom he accused brought to trial, but without obtaining a conviction. Such &quot; follies of the wise &quot; are painful to contemplate. Fairfax, however, only shared in the common superstition of the age, and it is at once a memorable and melancholy fact that Sir Matthew Hale, the most upright and able of lawyers, condemned two women to the stake on a charge of witchcraft. Fairfax described himself as &quot; neither a fan tastic Puritan nor superstitious Papist ; but so settled in conscience as to have the sure ground of God s word to warrant all he believed, and the commendable ordinances of the English Church to approve all he practised.&quot; And he adds, &quot; I live a faithful Christian and an obedient subject, and so teach my family.&quot; His descendants have not deemed it necessary to publish his writings on theological subjects and the keen controversies of the times. His fame is secure, grafted on the stem of Tasso, and flourishing in perennial beauty and vigour. Fairfax was living in 1631, and is supposed to have died soon afterwards, about 1632. (R. CA.) FAIRFAX, THOMAS, THIRD LORD, better known as Sir Thomas Fairfax, the eminent Parliamentary general and commander-in-chief during the civil wars, was the eldest son of Sir Ferdinando (afterwards Lord) Fairfax by Mary, daughter of Lord Sheffield, president of the North, and was born at Denton, on the banks of the Wharfe, near Otley, Yorkshire, on the 17th of January 1611-12. He studied 1 Ode on Popular Superstitions. Sir Walter Scott conceived that the lines applied to Fairfax (Demonology, Letter viii.), and Thomas Campbell seems to have entertained the same opinion (Specimens of the Poets), also Charles Knight and others. A careful perusal of the stanza, how ever, will show that Collins intended the honour for Tasso, not for his translator. Both, indeed, may be said to have &quot;believed the magic wonders which they sung.&quot;