Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 8.djvu/763

Rh E V A E V A 727 point out errors m the translation, a practice which was offensive to many of his congregation. A crisis was brought on by his sermon on the resurrection preached at Easter 1771 ; and in November 1773 a prosecution was instituted against him in the Consistory Court of Gloucester. He was charged with &quot; depraving the public worship of God contained in the liturgy of the Church of England, assert ing the same to be superstitious and unchristian, preaching, writing, and conversing against the creeds and the divinity of our Saviour, and assuming to himself the power of making arbitrary alterations in his performance of the public worship.&quot; A protest was at once signed and published by a large number of the parishioners against the prosecution. The case was carried by appeal to the Court of Arches and the Court of Delegates, and was ultimately quashed on merely technical grounds in 1777. Mean while Evanson had made his views generally known by several publications. In 1772 appeared anonymously his Doctrines of a Trinity and the Incarnation of God, examined upon the Principles of Reason and Common Sense. This was followed in 1777 by .-1 Letter to Dr Nurd, Bishop of Worcester, ivherein the Importance of the Prophecies of the New Testament and tlie Nature of the Grand Apostasy predicted in them are particularly and impartially con sidered. The author had before this time retired to Longdon, leaving his curate in charge at Tewkesbury. In 1775 he was appointed domestic chaplain to the solicitor- general, and at the close of 1777 heresigned both his livings, and retired to Mitcham. In 178G he married. He soon after wrote some papers on the Sabbath, which brought him into controversy with Dr Priestley, who published the whole discussion (1792). In the same year appeared Evansou s work entitled The Dissonance of the four generally received Evangelists, to which replies were published by Dr Priestley and D. Simpson, M.A, (1793). Evanson rejected most of the books of the New Testa ment as forgeries, and of the four gospels he accepted only that of St Luke. In 1802 he published Reflections upon the State of Religion in Christendom, in which he attempted to explain and illustrate the mysterious foreshadowings of the Apocalypse. This he considered the most important of his writings. Shortly before his death he completed his Second Thoughts on the Trinity, in reply to a work of the bishop of Gloucester. The story of the life, investiga tions, and conflicts of this heretical churchman of a hundred years ago is full of interest, especially for its anticipations of some of the momentous discussions of the present day. He died at Coleford, in Gloucestershire, Sep tember 25, 1805. A narrative of the circumstances which led to the prosecution of Evanson was published by N. Havard, the town-clerk of Tewkesbury. EVANSVILLE, a city of America, capital of Vanderburg county, Indiana, is situated on a high bank of the Ohio river, 200 miles below Louisville, Kentucky measuring by the windings of the river, which double the direct distance. On account of the peculiar bend of the river at this point, Evansville is built somewhat in the shape of a crescent, and is sometimes called the &quot; Crescent City/ It has -railway communication in various directions ; and tlie Wabush and Erie Canal, complete I in 1853, extends from it to Toledo, Ohio, a distance of 400 miles. Evansville is a busy commercial and manufacturing town, and is rapidly increasing. It is the principal shipping port for the grain and pork of south-western Indiana ; and among its other articles of export are lime, cotton, dried fruit, and tobacco. It has flour mills, breweries, iron founderies, tanneries, machine shops, and woollen and cotton factories. Coal and iron ore are found in the vicinity. The principal buildings are the court-house, the city hall, the high school, the marine hospital, and a new building in wli c.h | are included the post-office, the United States courts, and the custom-house. The population, which in I860 was 11,484, had increased in 1870 to 21,830. EVAPORATION is that process by which liquids and solids assume the gaseous state at their free surfaces. The rate at which evaporation takes place depends upon the temperature of the liquid or solid, the extent of the exposed surface, and the facility with which the gaseous particles can escape from the neighbourhood of the surface either by diffusion through the air or by the motion of the air itself. Hence a strong wind will generally accelerate the process of drying. The passage from the gaseous into the liquid condition, or condensation, and into the solid condition, or sublimation, are processes the converse of evaporation. The evaporation of a liquid is a phenomenon which we observe daily, and that of a solid sometimes presents itself to our notice, as when snow vanishes by evaporation during a long frost though the temperature never rises to the freezing point. Camphor and iodine also readily evaporate at ordinary temperatures without liquefying, and sublime on the surfaces of the vessels in which they are placed. A gas is a substance a finite portion of which will distribute itself through any space, however great, to which it has free access. A substance which cau exist in the liquid or solid state at ordinary temperature and under ordinary atmospheric pressure is usually, when in the gaseous condition, called a vapour ; but, though it is easy to give arbitrary definitions, no satisfactory distinction between gases and vapours has yet been made. In fact, the word &quot;vapour&quot; is rapidly giving place to &quot;gas&quot; in most instances. The greatest amount of any substance which can exist in the gaseous condition in the unit of volume depends upon the temperature, but is almost independent of the presence of any other vapour or gas, provided that such gas or vapour possess no chemical affinity for the substance in question. When a portion of space contains as much of any vapour as can exist in it at the temperature, it is said to be saturated with that vapour. Any reduction of temperature will then be accompanied by condensation of part of the vapour, and the space will remain saturated at the new temperature ; while if any increase of temperature occur, the space will cease to be saturated with the vapour it contains, and further evapor ation will take place if any of the corresponding liquid be present, but if not the space will remain unsaturated, and the vapour it contains is then said to be super-heated. If the fall of temperature be caused by the introduction of a solid body sufficiently cold, condensation will first take place in the layer of air next the body, forming dew upon its surface if the temperature be above that at which the vapour solidifies, but hoar-frost if the temperature be below that point, in which case we have an example of sublima tion. If the reduction of temperature be occasioned by the introduction of a quantity of cold air or other gas, or by the rapid expansion of the vapour itself, together with any other vapours or gases which may occupy the same space, the condensed liquid assumes the state of cloud, fog, or mist. The temperature at which a portion of space is saturated with the aqueous vapour which it actually contains was called by Dalton the dew-point. Some vapours, like steam at 100 C., if allowed to expand without receiving heat, and in expanding to do the full amount of work corresponding to the greatest pressure they cau exert, suffer partial condensation, because the increase in the space occupied does not compensate for the reduction of temperature ; but there are other vapours which become super-heated by expansion, because the increase in volume more than compensates fur the reduc tion of temperature. When the temperature of a liquid is such that the