Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 8.djvu/706

Rh 680 E U E E U R archetype of the 9th or 10th century. These are (1) Palatinus 287, KirchofTs B, usually called Rom. C., thirteen plays, viz., six of the select plays (Androm., Ned., Rhes., Hipp., Ale., Troad.), and seven others Bacchce, Cyclops, Hcradeidce, Supplices, Ion, Iphigenia in Aulide, Iphigenia in Tauris ; and (2) Flor. 2, Elmsley s C., eighteen plays, viz., all but the Troades. This MS. is thus the only one for the Helena, the Electro., and the Hercules Furens. MSS. f By far the greatest number of Euripidean MSS. contain three on ly three plays, the Hecuba, Orestes, and Phoenissce plays, these having been chosen out of the select nine for school iise probably in the 1 4th century. It is to be remembered that, as a selection, the nine chosen plays of Euripides correspond to those seven of JSschylus and those seven of Sophocles which alone remain to us. If, then, these nine did not include the Iphigenia in Tavris, the Ion, or the Bacchce, may we not fairly infer that the lost plays of the other two dramatists comprised works at least equal to any that have been preserved I May we not even reasonably doubt whether we have received those masterpieces by which their highest excellence should have been judged ] Scholia. The extant scholia on Euripides are for the nine select plays only. The first edition of the scholia on seven of these plays (all but the Troades and Rhesus) was published by Arsenius a Cretan whom the Venetians had named as bishop of Monemvasia, but whom the Greeks had refused to recognize at Venice, in 1534. The scholia on the Troades and Rhesus were first published by L. Dindorf, from Vat. 909, in 1821. The best complete edition is that of W. Dindorf, in 4 vols., 1863. The collection, though loaded with rubbish including worthless analyses of the lyric metres by Demetrius Triclinius includes some invalu able comments derived from the Alexandrian critics and their followers. Editions. Editiones principes. 1496. J. Lascaris (Florence), Medea, Hip- polytus, Alcestis, Andromache. 1503. M. Musurus (Aldus, Veiiiee) Eur. Tragy. XVII., to which in vol. ii. the Hercules Furens was added as an 18th; i.e., this edition contained all the extant plays except the Electra, which was first given to the world by P. Vic- torius from Florentinus C. in 1545. The Aldiiie edition was re printed at Basel in 1537. The complete edition of Joshua Barnes (1694) is no longer of any critical value. The first thorough work done on Euripides was by L. C. Valcknar in his edition of the Phcenisscc (1755), and his Dia tribe in Eur. pcrditorum dramalum rdliquias (1767), in which he argued against the authenticity of the Rhesus. Principal editions of selected plays. J. M a r k 1 a n d (1763-1 771) : Supplices, Iphigenia A., Iphigenia T. Ph. Brunck (1779-1780): Andromaclic, Medea, Orestes, Hecuba. R. Person (1797-1801)- Hecuba, Orestes, Phcmissce, Medea. R. Monk (1811-1818): Hip- polytus, Alcestis, Iphigenia A., Iphigenia T.l Elmsley (1813- 1821): Medea, Bacchce, Hcradida:, Supplices. G. Hermann (1831-1841) Hecuba (animach: ad R. Porsoni notas, first in 1800), Orestes, Alcestis, Iphigenia A., Iphigenia T., Helena, Ion, Hercules Furens. C. Badham (1851-1853): Iphigenia T., Helena, Ion. R. Y. Tyrrell (1871): BacchcB. For young students : A. Sidg- wick (1871-1 873): Cyclops, Electra, Ion, Iphigenia T. Recent Complete Editions. W. Dindorf (1870, in Poet. Scenici, ed. 5). A. Kirchhoff (1867). F. A. Paley (1872, 2d. ed.) with commentary. English Translations. R. Potter. JSacchcc : Milman, Thorold Rogers, E. S. Shuckburgh. Medea: Mrs Webster. Alcestis (- &quot;Transcript,&quot; in Balaustion) : R. Browning. Hecuba (&quot;A Trojan Queen s Revenge &quot;) : Beesley. Goethe s reconstruction of Euripides s lost Phacthon, in the 1840 edition of his works, vol. 33, pp. 22-43. (R. C. J.) EUROPA, in Greek mythology, a daughter of Agenor, or, as some said, of Phoenix. According to the story, she was born in Phoenicia, the purple land, a region belonging to the same aerial geography with Lycia, Delos, Ortygia, Lycosura, and many others. When Phoenicia became to the Greeks the name of an earthly country, versions of the myth were not long wanting which asserted that Agenor was born in Tyre or Sidon. Agenor, it is said, was the husband of Telephassa; but Telephassa is the feminine form of the name Telephus, a word conveying precisely the same meaning with Hecatus, Hecate, Hecatebolus, well known epithets of the sun and moon. The beauty of Europa attracted to her the love of Zeus, who approached her in the form of a white bull, and carried her away to Crete, where she became the mother of Minos, Rhadaman- thus, and Sarpedon. Meanwhile her brother Cadmus, under a strict charge never to return without her, set out on the weary search with his mother Telephassa, who died on the plains of Thessaly. At Delphi he learnt that he must follow a cow which would guide him to the place where he must build the city. The cow lay down on the site of Thebes ; but before he could offer the animal as a sacrifice to Athene, he had to fight with the dragon which haunted the well. Cadmus alone could conquer it ; and he did so, like Apollo, in single combat, while the dragon s teeth which he sowed produced a harvest of armed men who slew each other, leaving five only to become the ancestors of the Thebans. Athene now made him king of Thebes, while Zeus gave him Harmonia as his bride. According to one version of the tale, Cadmus and his wife, at the end of their career, were changed into dragons, and so taken up to Elysium. The names in this myth may seem to explain themselves completely by a comparison with those of other Greek legends. Among these are Agenor, Telephassa, Sarpedon. Others are not less clearly Semitic, Cadmus being the ground form of the Semitic Kedcm, the East, just as Melicertes reproduces the Syrian Melcarth or Moloch E U E P E Mate IX. -T^UROPE is the smallest of those divisions of the land- J_J surface of the globe which are usually distinguished by the conventional name of continents ; but favoured as it is at once by its position, its configuration, and its climate, it has played the most important part in the modern history of the world, more especially since the IGth century. The ultimate civilization of mankind must in great measure be what^Europe makes it ; and though, as centuries roll on, the auxiliary energies of other regions and races, receiving new impulse and development, will undoubtedly lend potent contributions to the common historic movement, the period must still be distant when Europe shall have fallen from its position of controller and pioneer. It has justly become a commonplace of geography to describe it as a mere peninsula of Asia, but, except in a purely geographical aspect, it is a peninsula as the head is a peninsula of the body. Its individuality and its solidarity with the neigh bouring continents, its originality and its indebtedness, must be equally emphasized if a just conception is to be formed of its characteristics. All its dominant and, perhaps, nearly all its distinguishable peoples, its languages, its religions, its philosophies, its social organizations, have had their origin outside of its boundaries, ard have been forced by modern science to recognize their kindred else where. But under its modifying influences everything has been deeply and permanently differentiated : its people are more thoroughly conscious of their dissimilarities from, than of their consanguinity with, the peoples of the East and the South ; its dominant religion at least has in large measure forgotten or belied its original character and scope ; its philosophies have taken colouring and shape from the practical and political life of the people; and its