Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 8.djvu/692

Rh 666 E U M E U N assistance of his sons, and of Krafft and Lexell, however, lie continued his labours, neither the loss of his sight nor the infirmities of an advanced age being sufficient to check his activity. Having engaged to furnish the Academy of St Petersburg with as many memoirs as would be sufficient to complete its acts for twenty years after his death, he in seven years transmitted to the academy above seventy memoirs, and left above two hundred more, which were revised and completed by another hand. Euler s knowledge was more general than might have been expected in one who had pursued with such unremitting ardour mathematics and astronomy as his favourite studies. He had made very considerable progress in medical, botanical, and chemical science, and he vas an excellent classical scholar, and extensively read in general literature. He was much indebted to an uncommon memory, which seemed to retain every idea that was conveyed to it, either from reading or meditation, He could repeat the sEneid of Virgil from the beginning to the end without hesitation, and indicate the first and last line of every page of the edition which he used. Euler s constitution was uncom monly vigorous, and his general health was always good. He was enabled to continue his labours to the very close of his life, so that it was said of him that he ceased to calculate and to breathe at nearly the same moment. His last subject of investigation was the motion of balloons, and the last subject on which he conversed was the newly discovered planet Ilerschel. On the 18th September 1783, whilst he was amusing himself at tea with one of his grand children, he was struck with apoplexy, which terminated his illustrious career at the age of seventy-six. Euler s genius was great, and his industry still greater. His works, if printed in their completeness, would occupy from 60 to 80 quarto volumes. He was simple and upright in his character, and had a strong religious faith. He wa.s twice married, his second wife being a half-sister of his first, and he had a numerous family, several of whom attained to distinction. His eloye was written for the French Academy by Condorcet, and an account of his life, with a list of his works, was written by Von Fuss, the secretary to the Imperial Academy of St Petersburg. The works which Euler published separately are Ttissertatio phy- sica de Sono, Basel, 1727, in 4to ; Mechanica, site Motus scicnlia analytice cxposita, Petersb., 1736, in 2 vols. 4to ; Einkitung in die Arithmelik, ibid. 1738, in 2 vols. 8vo, in German and Russian ; Tentamen Novce Theories Musicce, ibid. 1739, in 4to ; Methodus invemendi hncas curvas, maximi minimive proprietale gaudenles, Lausanne, 1744, in 4to ; Theoria motuum Planetarum et Cometarum, Berlin, 1744 in 4to ; Bcantwortung, etc., or Answers to different Questions respecting Comets, ibid. 1744, in 8vo ; Ncue Grundsalze, etc., or New Principles of Artillery, translated from the English of Benjamin Robins, with notes and illustrations, ibid. 1745, in 8vo ; Opuscula varii argumcnti, ibid. 1746-51, in 3 vols. 4to ; Novce et corrects Tabulae ad loca Luncc computanda, ibid. 1746, in 4to ; Tabulcc Astronomical Solis et Cunce, ibid. 4to ; Gedankcn, etc., or Thoughts on the Elements of Bodies, ibid. 4to ; Rettung der Gott- licJien 0/enbaruny, etc., Defence of Divine Revelation against Free thinkers, ibid, 1747, in 4to ; Introdudio in Analysin Infautorum, Lausanne, 1748, in 2 vols. 4 to ; Scientia Naval is, sen Tradatus de conslruendis ac dirigcndis navibus, Petersb. 1749, in 2 vols. 4to Theoria motus Luna;, Berlin, 1753, in 4to ; Dissertatio de principio minimas actwnis, una cum examine Objectionum cl. prof. Kcenigii, ibid. 1753, in 8vo ; Znslilutiones Calculi Differ entialis, cum ejus us it in analyst Infinilorum acdoctrina Serierum, ibid. 1755, in 4 to Constructio Lentium Objectivartim, etc., Petersb. 1762, in 4to Theoria motus corporum solidorum seu rigidorum, Rostock, 1765, in 4to; lustitutiones Calculi Inlcyralis, Petersb. 1768-1770 in 3 vols 4to ; Lettresa une Princess d Allcmagne sur quelques sujet* de Physique et Philosophic, Petersb. 1768-1772, in 3 vols 8vo ; Anleitung zur Algebra, or Introduction to Algebra, ibid 1770 in 8vo ; Dioptrica, ibid. 1767-1771, in 3 vols. 4 to ; T/ieoria motuum Jounce nova mcthodo pertraclata, ibid. 1772, in 4to ; Norm Tabula; iMnares, ibid, in 8vo ; Theorie complete de la construction et de la manoeuvre des Vaisscaux, ibid. 1773, in 8vo ; Eclaircissements sur etablissements en faveur tant dcs Vcuccs que dcs Moris, without a Oate ; Opuscula Analylica, Petersb. 1783-1785, in 2 vols 4to. EUMENES. a native of Cardia, a city in the Thracian Chersonesus, was born 360 B.C., and died in 315. At a very early age he was employed as private secretary by Philip king of Macedonia, and on the death of that prince he was continued in the same office by Alexander. In this capacity he accompanied Alexander into Asia. The esteem in which lie was held by his royal master was proved by his being retained in confidence in spite of the enmity of Hephaestion, by his appointment to a high military com mand, and by his marriage to Artonis, the daughter of Artabazus. Upon the death of Alexander, the provinces and armies were -divided amongst his generals, and the countries assigned to Eumenes were Cappadocia and Paphlagonia, with the sea-coast of Pontus as far as Trapezus; but as they were not yet subdued, Leonnatus and Antigonus were charged by Perdiccas to put him in possession. Antigonus, however, disregarded the orders of Perdiccas ; and Leonnatus, having in vain attempted to induce Eumenes to accompany him to the assistance of Antipater in Europe, made an unsuccessful attack on his life. Eumenes, however, escaped his vengeance and joined Perdiccas, who assisted him in taking possession of Cappadocia. When Craterus and Antipater, having reduced Greece, determined to pass into Asia and overthrow the power of Perdiccas, their first blow was aimed at Cappadocia ; and in the emergency Eumenes was appointed commander of all the forces in the neighbouring countries. But to this Neopto- hmus, one of the generals, refused to submit ; and being defeated by Eumenes, he fled to Antipater and Craterus. The presence of Antipater was required in Cilicia, and the army destined to act against Eumenes was therefore com manded by Craterus and Neoptolemus. They were, how ever, completely defeated; Neoptolemus was killed, and Craterus died of his wounds, 321 B.C. When the Mace donian chiefs received intelligence of the defeat of two of their generals by one whom they considered a stranger, only a few days after the death of Perdiccas, they con demned Eumenes to death, and charged Antipater and Antigonus with the execution of their order. Eurnenes was at first successful, but being defeated through the treachery of one of his officers, he fled to Nora, a strong fortress on the confines of Cappadocia and Lycaonia. Here he made a successful resistance, and was afterwards appointed by Olympias to command the army against Antigonus, whose intentions could no longer be misunder stood. He gained a battle against his adversary, but un fortunately lost the baggage and women belonging to his Macedonian phalanx. Antigonus offered to restore them on condition that the soldiers would surrender Eumenes into his hands. The offer was complied with, and Eumenes, having been thus basely betrayed, was put to death in the forty-fifth year of his age. (Plutarch, Life of Eumenes, Nepos ; Diodor. Sic., xviii. 30.) EUMENIDES. See ERINYES. EUNAPIUS, a Greek sophist and historian, born at Sardis 347 A.D. In his native city he studied under his relative the sophist Chrysanthius, from whom it is supposed that he imbibed the enmity to Christianity which his works display. While still a youth he went to Athens, where he became a favourite pupil of Proaeresius. He possessed a considerable knowledge of medicine. In his later years he seems to have resided at Athens, teaching rhetoric. There is evidence that he was still living in the reign of the younger Theodosius. He was the author of two works, one entitled Lives of the Sophists (Biot (friXoo-ofaw K&l cro&amp;lt;io-Twi ), and the other consisting of a continuation of the history of Dexippus. The former work is still extant, but of the latter only excerpts remain.. The style of both works is bad, and they are written in a spirit of bitter hostility to Christianity. The Lives of t/i* Sophists, which