Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 8.djvu/688

Rh E G E U G 16th August 1717 Prince Eugene ordered a general attack, which resulted in the total defeat of the enemy with an enormous loss, and in the capitulation of the city six days afterwards. The prince was wounded in the heat of the action, this being the thirteenth time that he had been hit upon the field of battle. On his return to Vienna he received, among other testimonies of gratitude, a sword valued at eighty thousand florins from the emperor. In the following year. 1718, after some fruitless negotiations with a view to the conclusion of peace, he again took the field; but the treaty of Passarowitz (21st July 1718) put an end to hostilities at the moment when the prince had well-founded hopes of obtaining still more important successes than those of the last campaign, and even of reaching Constantinople, and dictating a peace on the shores of the Bosphorus. As the government of the Netherlands, formerly con ferred upon Eugene, had now for some reason been bestowed on a sister of the emperor, the prince was appointed vicar-general of Italy, with a pension of three hundred thousand florins. Though still retaining his official position and much of his influence at court, his personal relations with the emperor were not so cordial as before, and he suffered from the intrigues of the anti- German party. During the ten years of peace which ensued, Eugene occupied himself with the arts and with literature, to which he had hitherto been able to devote little of his time. This new interest led him to correspond with many of the most eminent men in Europe. But the contest which arose out of the succession of Augustus II. to the throne of Poland having afforded Austria a pretext for attacking France, war was resolved on, contrary to the advice of Eugene. In spite of this, however, he was appointed to command the army destined to act upon the Rhine, which from the commencement had very superior forces opposed to it ; and if it could not prevent the capture of Philipsburg after a long siege, it at least prevented the enemy from entering Bavaria. Prince Eugene, having now attained his seventy-first year, no longer possessed the vigour and activity necessary for a general in the field, and he welcomed the peace which was concluded on the 3d of October 1735. On his return to Vienna, his health declined more and more, and he died in that capital on the 21st April 1736, leaving an immense inheritance to his niece the Princess Victoria of Savoy. Of a character cold and severe, Prince Eugene had almost no other passion than that of glory. He died unmarried, and seemed so little susceptible to female influence that he was styled a Mars without a Venus. Although one of the greatest generals of his time, military science is riot indebted to him for any remarkable improvemennt. His operations were not directed according to any positive method, nor conformable to invariable principles ; it was by sudden inspirations, and an admirable rapidity of conp if ceil, that he conducted himself on the ground according to the circumstances and the men he had to deal with&quot;; and upon all occasions he took the greatest pains to ascertain the character of the generals who were opposed to him. Despising the lives of his soldiers as much as he exposed his own, it was always by persevering efforts and great^ sacrifices that he obtained victory. His almost invariable success raised the reputation of the Austrian army to a point which it has never reached either before or since his day. War was with him a passion. Always on the march, in camps, or on the field of battle during more than fifty years, arid under the reign of three emperors, he had scarcely passed two years together without fighting. Prince Eugene was a man of the middle size, but, upon the whole, well made ; the cast of his visage was somewhat long, his mouth moderate, and almost always open ; his eyes were black and animated, and his complexion such as became a warrior. His funeral oration, composed in Italian by Cardinal Passionei, was translated into French by Madame du Boccage, 1759. See Histoire du Prince Eugene (Amst. 1740, Vienna, 1755) by Mauvillon, published anonymously ; Histoire Militaire du Prince Engine, du Due dc Marllorouyh, et du Prince du Nassau, by Dumont (Hague, 1729) ; Prim Eugcn von Savoycn, by Von Arneth (3 vols. Vienna, 1858-9); Prinz Eugen von Savoycn, by Von Sybel (London, 1868). EUGENIUS, the name of four popes. EUGENIUS I. was a native of Rome. Elected pope in 654, on the banishment of Martin I. by the emperor Con- stans II., he showed greater deference than his predecessor to the emperor s wishes, and made no public stand against the patriarchs of Constantinople. He died in 657, and was canonized, his day being the 2d of June, although according to Anastasius, he died on the 1st of that month. EUGEMUS II. was a native of Rome, and was chosen to succeed Pascal I. in 824. Another candidate, Zinzinnus, was proposed by the plebeian faction, and the presence of the emperor Lothair was necessary in order to maintain the authority of the new pope. Loth air took advantage of this opportunity to redress many abuses in the papal ad ministration, to vest the election of the pope in the nobles, and to confirm the statute that no pope should be con secrated till his election had the approval of the emperor. A council which assembled at Rome during the reign of Eugenius passed several enactments for the restoration of church discipline, took measures for the foundation of schools and chapters, and decided against priests wearing a secular dress or engaging in secular occupations. Eugenius also adopted various provisions for the care of the poor and of widows and orphans, and on that account received the name of &quot; father of the people,&quot; an epithet not alto gether appropriate, if he was, as he is said to have been, the author of the &quot; ordeal of cold water.&quot; He died in 827. EUGENIUS III., a native of Pisa, was elected pope in February 1145. When called to occupy this supremo position he was only abbot of the Cistercians, and he owed his elevation partly to the fact that none were eager to accept an office the duties of which were at the time so diffi cult and dangerous, but chiefly to his being the friend and pupil of Bernard of Clairvaux, the most influential eccle siastic of the Western church, and a strong assertor of the pope s temporal authority. The choice had not, however, the approval of Bernard, who remonstrated against the election on account of the &quot; innocence and simplicity &quot; of Eugenius ; but after the choice was made he took advan tage of the qualities in Eugenius which he objected to, so as virtually to rule in his name. During nearly the whole of his pontificate Eugenius was unable to reside in Rome. Hardly had he loft the city to be consecrated in the monastery of Farfa, when the citizens, under the influence of Arnold of Brescia the great opponent of the pope s temporal power established the old Roman consti tution, and elected Giordano to be &quot; patrician.&quot; Eugenius appealed for help to Tivoli and to other cities at feud with Rome, and with their aid was successful in making such conditions with the Roman citizens as enabled him for a time to hold the semblance of authority in his capital ; but as he would not agree to a treacherous compact against Tivoli, he was compelled to leave the city in March 1146. He stayed for some time at Viterbo and then at Siena, but ultimately went to France. On hearing of the fall of Edessa, he had, in December 1145, addressed a letter to Louis VII. of France, calling on him to take part in another crusade; and at a great diet held at Spires in 1146 the emperor Conrad III. also, and many of his nobles were, by the eloquence of Bernard, incited to dedicate themselves to the holy warfare. After holding councils at Paris, Rheims, and