Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 8.djvu/569

Rh E S Q E S S 549 ESQUIMAUX. See ESKIMO. ESQUIRE (Lat. Armiyer, Old Fr. Escuyer), originally a military office ranking immediately below a knight, whose attendant he was, and the bearer of his helmet, shield, and lance, in the tournament or in the battlefield. In early times the title was derived from office, not from birth, and was not hereditary ; latterly, however, it has come into such general use or rather abuse that all distinction it once had, or all rule regulating its use, is quite lost. Esquires maybe divided into five classes, thus : (1) younger sons of peers and their eldest sons ; (2) eldest sons of knights and their eldest sons ; (3) chiefs of ancient families by prescription ; (4) esquires by creation or office, as heralds and sergeants of arms (constituted by receiving the collar of SS), judges, officers of state, naval and military officers, justices of peace, barristers-at-law ; (5) esquires who attend the Knight of the Bath on his installation usually two specially appointed. All these can legally use the title. ESQUIROL, JKAN ETIENNE DOMINIQUE (1772-1840), a French physician celebrated for his treatment of the insane, was born at Toulouse in 1772. He began his studies with a view to the church at the seminary of St Sulpice, Paris, but being compelled by the Revolution to suspend them, he entered the medical service of the army. In 1794 he became a pupil of the military hospital of Narbonne, but as soon as he was able to leave this service he returned to Paris to complete his medical studies. Hav ing attended the lectures of Pinel he was chosen by that celebrated physician to be his assistant in the Salpetriere, and also helped him in editing the Mededne Clinique. He obtained his doctor s diploma in 1805, and in 1811 became physician of the Salpetriere. Having from the time that he completed his preparatory studies devoted his chief attention to the treatment of the insane, he com menced in 181 7 a course of lectures on that subject, and the revelations he then made of the abuses observed by him in the lunatic asylums of France induced the Government to appoint a commission to inquire into the subject. Esquirol. by his eloquence, his untiring energy and devotion, and the results of his skilful treatment, contributed greatly to the introduction of the humane method of dealing with mental maladies. He also busied himself in designing plans for the varkms apartments of lunatic asylums ; and the asylums of Rouen, Nantes, and Montpellier were built in accordance with his instructions. In 1823 he became inspector-general of the university of Paris for the faculties of medicine, and in 182G chief physician of the asylum for insane at Charenton. He died at Paris, 13th December 1840. Besides contributing to the Dictionnaire dcs Sciences Medicates and the Encyclopedic dcs Gens du Monde, Esquirol is the author of an important work entitled DCS Maladies Mcntalcs, considerecs smts las rapports medical, hyqtinique, ct medico-liyal, 2 vols., Paris, 1838. ESQUIROS, HENRI ALPIIONSE (1814-1876), a French poet, novelist, and politician, was born at Paris in 1814. His first work, a volume of poetry entitled Lcs Hirondelles, was published in 1834, but though it gained the commenda tion of Victor Hugo, it attracted little other attention, ami obtained only a small sale. In 1837 he published a novel entitled Le Magic/en, and in 1840 a historical romance. Charlotte Cor day. In the same year appeared UJJtvangile du roijile, an exposition of the life and character of Jesus, which represents the founder of Christianity as a democratic reformer. For this publication Esquiros was condemned to eight months imprisonment, and he beguiled his term of captivity by writing a volume of poetry, entitled Lcs Chants d ni&amp;gt;, J risonnier, consisting chiefly of descriptions of cir cumstances connected with his infancy and youth. Shortly after regaining his freedom he published three socialist tracts, entitled Les Vierges marlyres, Let Vicrges folk s, and les Vierges sages. In 1847 appeared Paris ou les sciences, les institutions, tt les mceurs au XIX 1 siecle, 2 vols. In the same year he published llistoire des Jfontagnards, and in 1851 llistoire des Martyrs de la Liberte, two works which obtained a large circulation among the lower classes, and gained for their author such popularity that in 1849 he was elected a representative of the legislative assembly. In 1851, on account of his extremely radical opinions, and his strong opposition to the empire, he was expelled from France, He proceeded first to Holland, and thence, in 1855, to England, where he was for some time professor of French literature at Woolwich. Here he wrote for the Revue des Deux Mondes a number of essays on English life and character, which were afterwards translated and published in London, under the title of the English at Home (1st scries, 1862, 2d, 1863). He also published in 1859 La Xeerlande et la vie hollandaise. His works both on England and on Holland are remarkable for fulness of information and sympathetic appreciation of foreign charac teristics. In 1869 he was chosen a member of the legisla tive assembly for the fourth circonscription of the depart ment of the Douches du Rhone, and took his seat among the democratic opposition. In September 1870 he was made superior administrator of the department, but on account of his imprudent political prosecutions he was compelled to resign his office in the November following, after which he became editor of the Eyalite of Marseilles. In 1871 he was chosen a member of the legislative assembly, and sat again on the extreme left. He died at Versailles, May 13, 1876. Esquiros was too much of a partisan to be properly ranked as a statesman, and though he was a brilliant and facile writer, most of his political works are somewhat superficial and declamatory. ESS, JOB ANN HEINRICH VAN (1772-1847), a Catholic theologian, was born at Warburg, Westphalia, 15th February 1772. He was educated at the Dominican gymnasium of his native town, and in 1790 entered, as a novice, the Bene dictine abbey of Marienminster, in the bishopric of Pader- born. His Benedictine name was Leander. He was priest at Schwalenberg from 1799 to 1812, after which he became extraordinary professor of theology and joint-director of the teachers seminary at Marburg. In 1818 he received the doctorate of theology and of canonical law. In 1807, in conjunction with his cousin, he published a German translation of the New Testament, and as its circulation was forbidden by the pope, he published in 1808 a. defence of his views, entitled Ausziige aus dm Heiligen Vatcrn und andcroi Lehrcrn dcr Kalholischen Kn-cfie iibcr das nofhu-endiye itnd niitzliche Bibcllcscn. An improved edi tion of this tractate was published in 1816, under the title Gcdanhcn iibcr Bib/ l vnd Bibdlchre, and in the same year appeared Was war die Bibd den erntcn Christen ? In 1818 he published Die Bibd nicht ein Bitch fiir Priestcr, and this was followed in 1819 by a German translation of the Old Testament. In 1822 he resigned his offices at Marburg n order to devote his whole time to the defence of his views regarding Bible reading by the people, and to endea vour to promote the circulation of his Bible translations ; and in 1840, conjointly with his pupil Wetzer, lie completed a German translation of the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments. He died at Affolderbach in the Odenwald, 13th October 1847. ESSEK, ESSEG, or ESZRK, a fortress and imperial free town of Austria-Hungary, in the province of Sluvonia, and the capital of the county of Verocze, is situated on the Drave about 135 miles S. by W. of Pesth. It has ft Franciscan and a Capuchin monastery, a gymnasium, a military school, a hospital, and an arsenal. It carries on a considerable trade in corn, cattle, and wood, and has also silk manufac tories and tanneries. Essek owes its origin to its fortress,