Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 8.djvu/474

Rh 454 E N T E N Z The old hereditary male fiefs, sanjak or beglik, ziainet and timars, originally granted by the Ottoman rulers, have now entirely disappeared. These grants were indivisible and inviolable, and formed a species of Government entail. The possessor of the -beglik was in the Turkish-speaking provinces called dere-beg, lord of the valley; in the Arab districts (e.g., Syria and Irak) he was called ameer, or governor. The eraziye mirige, or imlak (crown) lauds, held from the crown, still require public authority for most acts of full ownership. (See the law of 7th Ramazan 1274, or 19th April 1857, which, slightly modified, forms at present the code of land-title in Turkey in Europe.) It is a fundamental principle of Mahometan law that all land belongs to the sultan as the gift of God, and is therefore to be used justly. The land-legislation of Prussia during the present century is so often quoted that this sketch would not be complete without some reference to its provisions on the subject of entails. By the 5th clause of the edict of October 9, 1807, the practice of settling estates by hereditary leases (afterwards abolished) was continued while the 9th clause provided that feudal entails andjidei commissa might be unsettled by family agreement. The Prussian fidei commissum may be constituted in every object of property yielding annual returns without waste of substance ; and so an entail of certain movables is com petent. The Prussian tenant for life can let on lease, and charge the land with annuities for his daughters, and can gratuitously dispose of his life-interest. The Hessian law compels him to charge the fee with provisions to his younger sons. The sale of useless land has always been permitted, but otherwise a public Act of expropriation must be got, or a decision of the whole family council. Two next heirs in remainder may, however, by their con sent give effect to an exchange. The charges to which a fidei commissum is subject are the debts of the founder, expenditure by the tenant for the abolition of real charges, for embankment dues, flood-rates, rebuilding, and for bringing worn-out land again into cultivation. The succession is usually limited to male persons ; and monks and dishonoured persons are specially excluded. In the Rhine Provinces and many parts of North Germany, fidei commissa were abolished on the introduction of French law without compensation to the heirs in remainder. They were subsequently re-established, but the 38th section of the Land Rights of the German people (1848) provides &quot; Fidei commissa are to be abolished. The form and con ditions of such abolition are to be determined by the legislation of each state.&quot; Distinct from fidei commissa there are in Germany many ancient customary entails, not usually restricted to male heirs, and terminable by agree ment of the occupant with the next heir. There was also power to sell in circumstances of necessity subject to pre emption by the next heir. Many of these estates rest on family &quot; bye-laws.&quot; On the whole subject see Reports by H.M. Coiisuls on Systems of Land Tenure, 1870. (W. C. S.) ENTOMOLOGY. See INSECTS. ENTOZOA, from evro9, within, and wov, an animal, a name applied to internal parasites. See PARASITES. ENTRECASTEAUX, JOSEPH-ANTOINE BRUNI D (1739-1793), a celebrated French navigator, was born at Aix in 1739. He entered the navy at the age of fifteen. At the commencement of the war in 1778 he commanded a frigate of 32 guns, and by his clever seamanship was successful in convoying a fleet of merchant vessels from Marseilles to the Levant, although they were attacked by two pirate vessels, each of which was larger than his own ship. In 1785 he was appointed to the command of the French fleet in the East Indies ; and in 1787 he was named governor of the Mauritius and the Isle of Bourbon. While in command of the East India fleet, he. made a voyage to China, an achievement which led the French Government to select him to command an expedition in search of La Perouse, of whom nothing had been heard since February 1788. Entrecasteaux failed to obtain any tidings of him, but in the course of his search he made important geographical discoveries. He traced the outlines of the eastern coast of New Caledonia, discovered many fine harbours and roadsteads on the south of Tasmania, and touched at more than 300 places on the south-west coast of New Holland. While near the island of Java he was attacked by scurvy, and died 20th July 1793. There are three narratives of his voyages : the first by De La Billardiere, Paris, 1800, the second by De Rossel, Paris, 1808, and the third by De Fre minville, Brest, 1838. ENZIO, king of Sardinia (1225-1272), who played a great part in the conflict between the empire and the papacy in the first half of the 13th century, was one of the natural sons of the emperor Frederick II. by his mistress the beautiful Biauca Lancia. He was born at Palermo at the close of the year 1225, the same year in which his father married as his second wife lolante of Jerusalem. His name is conjectured to be a corruption of the German &quot; Hans.&quot; In his thirteenth year he fought by his father s side against the Lombards at the battle of Cortenuova ; and in the following year (1238) the emperor, in pursuance of his determination to recover for the empire various territories claimed as fiefs of the Holy See, married Enzio to Adelasia, the widowed heiress of Sardinia and Corsica, and at the same time conferred on him the title of king of Sardinia. He also received the honour of knighthood from his father. Li May 1239 he was declared vicar imperial in the north of Italy, and took command of the German and Saracen troops in the imperial army. From this time Enzio was his father s right hand in war. He at once entered the March of Ancona ; and so formidable to the papacy were his achievements that the most distinguished soldier-cardinal, John of Colonna, was sent against him. Before the end of the year the pope, Gregory IX., excom municated Frederick and his son ; and a crusade against them was soon after preached. This beacing of the &quot; drum ecclesiastic,&quot; however, did not scare them from their purpose. In 1241 Enzio was entrusted with the com mand of the fleet, and in this post he added to his already high reputation by a victory over the Genoese. The pope having convoked a council at Rome, the prelates were flocking to it in large numbers in defiance of the emperor s remonstrances and commands. They were conveyed on board a number of Genoese galleys; and this fleet Enzio, in conjunction with the Pisaus, encountered and defeated near Meloria (May 3). Three vessels were sunk and nineteen captured. Amongst the captives were three cardinal-legates, and many bishops and archbishops. The booty taken was immense, and included the vast sums of money which the notorious Cardinal Otho had just collected in England. The prelates were all taken to Naples, and were kept in close confinement, bound with silver chains i mockery. After the death of the pope (Aug-ist) Enzio was sent with a large army to aid his brother Conrad, king of the Romans, against the invading Tatar hosts. By the victory won by the two brothers of the house of Hohenstauffen, near the Delphos, an affluent of the Danube, Europe and Christendom were finally delivered from the presence of these desolating hordes. Enzio was afterwards sent into Lombardy, which was for several years the scene of his chief exploits. In 1245 he was excommunicated with the emperor by Pope Innocent IV. Two years later he besieged Parma, but was compelled to retire. He soon