Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 8.djvu/466

Rh 446 E N G E N is now rapidly increasing in consequence of the new processes of reproduction, and the great engravers of past times are becoming much better known. Works on the subject frequently appear, not only in England and France, but also in Germany, whilst Holland and Italy bring their contributions to general iconography. In consequence of this rapid extension of studies on the subject, any attempt at a universal bibliography of works about engraving would soon become obsolete or incomplete. (P. G. H.) ENGUERA, a town in the province of Valencia, in Spain, is situated in a mountainous district 32 miles S.S.W. of Valencia and 12 miles W.N.W. of San Felipe. Olives and mulberries abound in the surrounding country. In the town there are a convent and a hospital. It possesses woollen mills, and has also a considerable general trade. Population, 5700. ENKHUTZEN, a seaport town of the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland, situated on theZuyder Zee, 28 miles N.N.E. of Amsterdam. Its principal buildings are the town-house, the Wester-Kerk, the orphanage, the church of the Old Catholics. The town-house, erected in 1588, is adorned with allegorical paintings by Gerard de Lairesse, Houbraken, and Van Neck ; one of its chambers is hung with fine tapestry of Louis XIV. s time, and the burgomaster s room contains a chef d ceuvre by Ferdinand Bol. The industrial establishments comprise a foundry, several sugar refineries, and one of the largest factories in Europe for the manufacture of buoys ; and there is a trade in wood, butter, and cheese. At the beginning of the 17th century the town numbered 40,000 inhabitants, and sent 400 vessels to the herring fishery ; but the harbour is now rendered nearly useless by accumu lations of sand, the fishing smacks do not number more than a dozen; and the population in 1869 was only 4925. The nucleus of Enkhuizen was formed by a few houses (Enkele huizenj built about 1000 A.D., and it was still an open village in 1279. In spite of numerous military vicissitudes, and a great flood which happened in 1514, it rapidly advanced, and under Spanish rule became a strongly fortified and beautifully built town. It was, however, the first of the cities of Holland to open its gates to William the Silent, in 1572. During the 17th century it began to decay, and in the 18th it sank to its present position. ENLISTMENT, as defined in the annual Mutiny Act (39 Viet. c. 8), consists in the recruit answering the ques tions put by the person authorized to recruit or to enrol under the Reserve Force Act or to enlist under the Militia Reserve Acts, and in his accepting the enlisting money with the accompanying notice. The recruit is then entitled to be billeted, and must, in not less than twenty-four and not more than ninety-six hours, appear before a magistrate (who is not a military officer) to be attested as a soldier or to object to his enlistment. If the recruit objects and satisfies the magistrate that the enlistment was irregular, he is discharged, and the matter reported to the military authorities; if the recruit objects, but the enlistment was regular, he must repay the enlisting money and any pay or allowances he may have received, and 20s. of smart money, and is then discharged. If the recruit does not object, or cannot pay the money, the questions in the form of attestation are again put by the magistrate, who also administers the oath of allegiance. If the recruit does not appear, he may be punished as a rogue or vagabond. Before this attestation the recruit is not subject to court- martial, but fraudulent conduct followed by attestation is punished either by the justices of the peace or by the district or garrison court-martial. Every attempt by an undischarged soldier or volunteer to re-enlist is punishable as desertion; but in the case of militiamen the penalty is generally a stoppage of Id. or 2d. of weekly pay for a certain period. It is from the date of attestation that the period of service for pension or discharge runs. The above provisions apply to enlistment in the United King dom, of natural bom subjects. The Mutiny Act makes special provision for enlistment abroad and for the enlist ment of negroes or coloured persons who are not sub jects of Her Majesty by birth, or who have been con demned as prize under the Slave Trade Acts. A master wishing to recover an apprentice or indentured labourer who has enlisted must claim him within a month after enlist ment. Tha apprentice is not only punished for wrongful enlisting, but remains liable to serve in the army at the end of his apprenticeship, and indeed may be punished as a deserter if he does not deliver himself up as a recruit. Much the same rules will be found in the Marine Mutiny Act. The enlistment oath for the militia is contained in the Militia Service Act, 36 and 37 Viet. c. 68, The period of service implied in enlistment is now regulated by the Army Enlistment Act, 1870, 33 and 34 Viet. c. 67, repealed as regards compulsory general enlistment by the Mutiny Act, 1876. Long service is always for twelve years. Short service in the cavalry, artillery, and engineers is eight years army and four years reserve; in the infantry and army service corps, six years army and six years reserve. For the army hospital corps and the colonial corps there is no short service. In 1870 it was said that this scheme would require 322,449 recruits annually, and that in eight years a reserve of 81,811 would be created. The average enlistment is only about 20,000, but this is largely accounted for by the inducements given to enter the militia. In early times attendance at the posse comitatus was enforced by the penalty of culvertage, or turntail, viz., forfeiture of property and perpetual servitude. The organization of this levy will be found in the Assize of Arms (27 Hen. II.) and the Statute of Winchester (13 Edw. I.), which apply to all men between the ages of fifteen and sixty. By a later Act (4 and 5 Philip and Mary), commissioners of musters were appointed. When the feudal system of oscuage was on the wane, Edward III. introduced a custom of &quot; indenting &quot; with private persons to furnish soldiers at certain rates of wage. Many of such indentures of Henry V. s time, printed in Hunter s Critical and Historical Tracts, vol. i., appear to be agree ments for one year in consideration of gages et regards, or pay and bounty, at certain rates, 6d. a day for an archer and Is. for a man at arms. The parties agree about sharing the gaignes de guerre, prisoners and booty. A quarter s wages, called prest money, is paid in advance. Not till the time of Henry VII. was &quot;coat and conduct money &quot; added to this mere bounty on joining. From time to time general pardons .were given to all felons who would serve in the army, and even so late as 1703 a statute freed all insolvent debtors who would serve. The Welsh, Cornish, and Irish made up a large proportion of tho recruits of the early English armies. (See also ARMY, vol. ii. p. 574). ENNIS, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market- town of Ireland, the capital of the county of Clare, province of Munster, is situated on the Fergus, about 25 miles W.N.W. from Limerick, with which town and Athenry it is connected by railway. Ennis has breweries, distilleries, and extensive flour mills ; and in the neigh bourhood there is a valuable limestone quarry. The prin cipal buildings are the Roman Catholic chapel, which is the cathedral of the diocese of Killaloe ; the parish church, formed out of the ruins of the Franciscan abbey, founded in 1240 by Donogh Carbrac O Brien ; the court-house, a nunnery, and a school on the foundation of Erasmus Smith. On the site of the old court-house a colossal statue in white limestone of Daniel O Connell was erected in 1865, The interesting ruins of Clare Abbey, founded in 1194 by Donell O Brien, king of Minister, are half-way between Ennis and the village of Clare Castle. Ennis returns a member to parliament. Population in 1871, 6503.