Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 8.djvu/215

Rh E N D E N E 205 ENDIVE, Cichorium Endivia, L., an annual esculent plant of the natural order Composites, commonly reputed to have been introduced into Europe from the East Indies, but, according to some authorities, more probably indigenous to Egypt. There are numerous varieties of the endive, forming two groups, namely, the curled or narrow-leaved (C. E. crispa), and the Batavian or broad- leaved (C. E. lalifolia), the leaves of which are not curled. The former varieties are those most used for salads, the latter being grown chiefly for culinary purposes. The plant requires a light, rich, and dry soil, in an unshaded situation. In the climate of England, sowing for the main crop should commence about the second or third week in June; but for plants required to be used young it may be as early as the latter half of April, and for winter crops up to the middle of August. The seed should be finely spread in drills 4 inches asunder, and then lightly covered. After reaching an inch in height, the young plants are thinned; and when about a month old they may be placed out at distances of 12 or 15 inches, in drills 3 inches in depth, care being caken in removing them from the seed-bed to disturb their roots as little as possible. The Batavian require more room than the curled-leaved varieties. Transplantation, where early crops are required, has been found inadvisable. Rapidity of growth is promoted by the application of liquid manures. The bleaching of endive, in order to prevent the development of the natural bitter taste of the leaves, and to improve their appearance, is begun about three months after the sowing, and is best effected either by tying the outer leaves around the inner, or, as in damp seasons, by the use of the bleaching-pot. The bleaching may be completed in ten days or so in summer, but in winter it takes three or four weeks. For late crops, protection from frost is requisite; and to secure fine winter endive, it has been recommended to take up the full-grown plants in November, and to place them under shelter, in a soil of moderately dry sand or of half-decayed peat earth. Where forcing-houses are employed, endive may be sown in January, so as to procure by the end of the following month plants ready for use. ENDOR, an ancient town of Palestine, originally belonging to the Philistines, and chiefly memorable as the abode of the sorceress whom Saul consulted on the eve of the battle of Gilboa, in which he perished. Although situated in the territory of the tribe of Issachar, it was assigned to Manasseh. In the time of Eusebius and Jerome it still existed as a large village 4 miles south of mount Tabor; and at the same distance, on the northern slope of the lower ridge of Hermon, there is still a village of this name. ENDOWED SCHOOLS ACTS. Since the beginning of the present reign a number of statutes have been passed dealing with the endowed grammar schools of England. The Act 3 and 4 Viet. c. 77, which notices in the preamble the great number of grammar schools in England, both of royal and private foundation, and remarks that the term &quot;grammar&quot; had been construed to mean Greek and Latin, and that the governors and trustees of such schools were unable to establish any other education than that expressly provided for by the foundation, empowered courts of equity to make decrees or orders extending the systems of instruction and the right of admission to any school, and to establish schemes for the application of its revenues, having due regard to the intentions of the founder. The Act 23 Viet. c. 1 1 enabled and required the trustees and governors of endowed schools to make such order as, without interfering with the religious teaching of the other scholars or authorizing any new religious teaching, should admit children of other denominations than that to which the foundation belongs, except where the foundation expressly requires the children to be instructed according to the formularies of such denomination. The most important public schools Eton, Harrow, Westminster, &c. were expressly exempted from the operation of both of these Acts. The Act 31 and 32 Viet. c. 23 annexed certain conditions to the appointment of officers in endowed schools. The most important Act of the series was the 32 and 33 Viet. c. 56 (The Endowed Schools Act 1869) which authorized the appointment of commissioners, with power &quot; in such manner as may rerder any educational endow ment most conducive to the advancement of the education of boys and girls, and either of them, to alter and add to any existing, and to make new trusts, directions, and provisions in lieu of any existing trusts, directions, and provisions which affect such endowment and the education promoted thereby.&quot; The powers of the commissioners extend to all school endowments other than those specified in section 8 of the Act, which, inter alia, excludes schools under the Public Schools Act 1868, voluntary schools, schools aided by parliamentary grant, endowments not necessarily educational, &c. The 36 and 37 Viet. c. 87 con tinues and amends in various particulars the Act of 1869. The 37 and 38 Viet. c. 87 transfers the powers of the Endowed Schools Commissioners to the Charity Commis sioners (see CHARITIES). The Public Schools Act 1868, above referred to, deals with the following schools only Eton, Winchester, Westminster, Charterhouse, Harrow, Rugby, and Shrewsbury. ENDYMION. In the genealogy of the lapetids Endymion is said to be the son of Aethlius, who is the son of Zeus by Protogeneia, the daughter of Deucalion and Pyrrha. The legend of Endymion was localized in Elis, the westernmost land in the Peloponnesus, where his tomb was shown in the days of Pausanias. The simplest form of the story is perhaps that- of Apollodoru-s (i. 7, 5), who merely says that Selene (the moon) loved him, and that Zeus left him free to choose anything that he might desire, his choice being an everlasting sleep, in which he might remain youthful for ever. This is simply a reversing of the myth of Eos (the morning), who forgot to ask eternal youth for her husband Tithonus, whose decrepit form she was glad to hide in a cave. In other versions Endymion is a beautiful youth, whom Selene visits while he lies asleep in the cave of Latmus. She thus becomes the mother of his fifty daughters, who have been supposed by Preller (GriecMsche Jfythologie, i. 384) to denote the fifty moons of the Olympian festal cycle, but who in their number must be compared with the fifty sons or daughters of ^Egyptus, Danaus, or Priam. As the parent of these children, Selene is called Asterodia, the being whose path is among the stars. These names of themselves show that this myth was so transparent that it could never bs more than thinly disguised. Endymion is, in short, as his name denotes, simply the sun setting opposite to the rising moon, the word being formed in a manner analogous to Hyperion, a name signifying the ascending or high soaring Helios or sun. The Latmian cave is the cave of forgetfulness or sleep, into which the sun plunges beneath the sea. Hence he is naturally spoken of as the son of Aethlius (the child of Protogeneia, the early dawn), who struggles and toils through his long journey across the heaven. There is nothing in the myth which warrants the idea that Endymion is a personification of sleep. Hypiius, the true god of slumber, is a conqueror whom none can resist; Endymion is simply one who cannot shake off his own sleep, a sleep so profound that they who are vexed in heart may well envy it (Theocr., Idyll, iii. 49). ENERGY may be defined as the power of doing work, or of overcoming resistance. A bent spring possesses energy, for it is capable of doing work in returning to ita