Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 8.djvu/205

Rh ENCYCLOPAEDIA 195 1709, ful. 4 vols., with some slight additions and correc tions by the author ; and again from the fifth edition of 1730 by Birch and Lockman, London, 1734-40, fol. 5 vols. J. G. de Chaufepie&quot; published Nouveau Didionnaire kisforique, Amsterdam, 1750-56, fol., 4 vols., as a supple ment to Bayle. It chiefly consists of the articles added by the English translators with many corrections and additions, and about 500 new articles added by himself, and contains in all about 1400 articles. Prosper Marchand, editor of the fourth edition, left at his death, 14th January 1756, materials for a supplementary Didionnaire /tistorique, La llaye, 1758, fol. 2 vols. 891 pages, 136 articles. It had occupied his leisure moments for forty years. Much of his work was written on small scraps of paper, sometimes 20 in half a page ami no larger than a nail, in such small char acters that not only the editor but the printer had to use powerful magnifiers. Bayle s dictionary was also translated into German, Leipzig, 174] -44, fol. 4 vols., with a preface by J. C. Gottschecl. It is still a work of great importance and value. Yincenzo Maria Coronelli, a Franciscan friar, who was born in Venice about 1650, made cosmographer to the re public in 1685, became general of his order in 1702, and was found dead at his study table 9th December 1718, began in 1701 to publish a general alphabetical encyclo paedia, written in Italian, at which he had been working for thirty years, Biblioteca Universale Sacro-profana. It vf dL to explain more than 300,000 words, to include history and biography as well as all other subjects, and to extend to 45 volumes folio. Volumes 1-39 were to contain the dictionary A to Z; 40, 4], the supplement; 42, retractations and corrections ; 43, universal index ; 44, index divided into matters ; 45, index in various languages. But seven volumes only were published, Venezia, 1701-6, fol. 5609 pages, A to Caque. The first six volumes have each an index of from 28 to 48 pages (in all 224 pages) of subjects, whether forming articles or incidental. The articles in each are numbered, and amount to 30,269 in the six volumes, which complete the letter B. On an average 3 pages contain 22 articles. Each volume is dedicated to a different patron, the pope, the doge, the king of Spain. &c. This work is remarkable for the extent and completeness of its plan, and for being the first great alphabetical encyclo paedia, as well as for being written in a modern language, but it was hastily written and very incorrect. Never, per haps, says Tiraboschi (Storia delta Letteratura Italia )ia, viii. 546), was there so quick a writer; he composed a folio volume as easily as others would a page, but he never perfected his works, and what we have of this book will not induce us to regret the want of the re mainder. The first alphabetical encyclopaedia written in English was the work of a London clergyman, John Harris (born about 1667, elected first secretary of the Royal Society 30th November 1709, died 7th September 1719), Lexicon T.echnicum, or an universal Ennlish Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, London, 1704, fol. 1220 pages, 4 plates, with many diagrams and figures printed in the text. Like many subsequent English encyclopaedias the pages are not numbered. It professes not merely to explain the terms used in the arts and sciences, but the arts and sciences themselves. The author complains that he found much less help from previous dictionaries than one would suppose, that Chauvin is full of obsolete school terms, and Corneille gives only bare explanations of terms, which often relate only to simple ideas and common things. He omits theology, antiquity, biography, and poetry ; gives only technical history, geography, and chronology ; and in logic, metaphysics, ethics, grammar, and rhetoric, merely explains the terms used. In mathematics and anatomy he professes to be very full, but says that the catalogues and places of the stars are very imperfect, as Flamsteed refused to assist him. In botany he gave from Kay, Morrison, and Tourne- fort &quot; a pretty exact botanick lexicon, which was what we really wanted before, &quot; with an account of all the &quot; kinds and subalternate species of plants, and their specific differ ences &quot; on Ray s method. He gave a table of fossils from Dr Woodward, professor of medicine in Gresham College, and took great pains to describe the parts of a ship accurately and particularly, going often on board himself for the pur pose. In law he abridged from the best writers what he thought necessary. He meant to have given at the end an alphabet for each art and science, and some more plates of anatomy and ships, &quot; but the undertaker could not afford it at the price.&quot; A review of his work, extending to the un usual length of four pages, appeared in the Philosophical Transactions, 1704 (p. 1699). This volume was reprinted in 1708. A second volume of 1419 pages and 4 plates appeared in 1710, with a list of about 1300 subscribers. Great part of it consisted of mathematical and astronomical tables, as he intended his work to serve as a small mathe matical library. He was allowed by Sir Isaac Newton to print his treatise on acids. He gives a table of logarithms to seven figures of decimals (44 pages), and one of sines, tangents, and secants (120 pages), a list of books filling two pages, and an index of the articles in both volumes under 26 heads, filling 50 pages. The longest lists are law (1700 articles), chyurgery, anatomy, geometry, fortification, botany, and music. The mathematical and physical part is considered very able. He often mentions his authorities, and gives lists of books on particular subjects, as botany and chronology. His dictionary was long very popular. The fifth edition was published in 1736, fol. 2 vols. A supplement, including no new subjects, appeared in 1744, London, fol. 996 pages, 6 plates. It was intended to rival Chambers, but, being considered a bookseller s speculation, was not well received. Johann Hiibner, rector of the Johanneum in Hamburg, born 17th March 1668, wrote prefaces to two dictionaries written in German, which bore his name, and were long popular. The first was Reales Staats-Zeitunys u?id Conver sations-Lexicon, Leipzig, 1704, Svo ; second edition, 1706, 947 pages; at the end a register of arms, and indexes of Latin and French words; fifth edition, 1711; fifteenth edition 1735, 1119 pages. The thirty-first edition was edited and enlarged by F. A. Riider, and published by Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1824-28, Svo, 4 vols., 3088 pages. It was translated into Hungarian by Fejer, Pesten, 1816, Svo, 5 vols., 2958 pages. The second published as a supple ment, was Curieusesund reales Xatur- Kimst- Bery- Geiverb- und Ilandl ungs-Lexicon, Leipzig, 1712, Svo, 788 pages, frequently reprinted to 1792. The first relates to the political state of the world, as religion, orders, states, rivers, towns, castles, mountains, genealogy, war, ships ; the second to nature, science, art, and commerce. They were the work of many authors, of whom Paul Jacob Marpurger, a celebrated and voluminous writer on trade and commerce, born at Nuremberg 27th June 1656, was an extensive con tributor, and is the only one named by Hiibner. Johann Theodor Jablonski, who was born at Dantzic 15th December 1654, appointed secretary to the newly founded Prussian Academy in 1700, when he went to Berlin, where he died 28th April 1731, published Allyemeines Lexicon der Kunste und Wissenschaften, Leipzig, 1721, 4to, a short but excellent encyclopaedia still valued in Germany. It does not include theology, history, geography, biography, and genealogy. He not only names his authorities, but gives a list of their works. A new edition in 1748 was increased one-third to 1508 pages. An improved edition, Konigsberg and Leipzig, 1767, 4to, 2 vols., 1852 pages,