Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 8.djvu/203

Rh ENCYCLOPAEDIA 193 tended to Lave the French text of the Tesuro printed with commentaries, and appointed a commission for the purpose. It was at last published in the Collection dcs Documents inedis, Paris, 18G3, 4to, 772 pages, edited by Chabaillc from 42 MSS. Bartholomeus de Glanvilla, an English Franciscan friar, wrote about 13GO a most popular work, De proprietatibus rerum, in 19 books and 1230 chapters. Book 1 relates to God; 2, angels; 3, the soul; 4, the substance of the body; 5, anatomy; 6, ages; 7, diseases; 8, the heavens (astro nomy and astrology); 9, time; 10, matter and form; 11, air; 12, birds (including insects, 38 names, Avidia to Vespertilio); 13, water (with iishes); 14, the earth (42 mountains, Ararath to Ziph); 15, provinces (171 countries, Asia to Zeugia); 16, precious stones (including coral, pearl, salt, 104 names, Arena to Zingtittes); 17, trees and herbs (197, Arbor to Zucarum); 18, animals (11 4, Aries to Vipera); 19, colours, scents, flavours, and liquors, with a list of 36 eggs, Aspis to Vultur. Some editions add book 20, accidents of tilings, that is numbers, measures, weights, and sounds. The Paris edition of 1574 has a book on bees. There were 15 editions before 1500. An English transla tion was completed llth February 1398 by John Trevisa, and printed by Wynkyn de Worde, Westminster, 1495 1 fol.; London, 1533, fol.; and with considerable additions by Stephen Batman, a physician, London, 1582, fol. It was translated into French by Jehan Corbichon at the command of Charles V. of France, and printed 14 times from 1482 to 1556. A Dutch translation was printed in 1479, and again at Harlem, 1485, fol. ; and a Spanish translation by Padre Yincinte de Burgos, Tholosa, 1494, fol. Petrus Berchorius, a French Benedictine, prior of the abbey of St Eloy in Paris, where he died in 1362, wrote a kind of encyclopaedia, chiefly relating to divinity, in three parts : Reductorium morale super totam Bibliam, 428 mortaliates in 34 books on the Bible from Genesis to Apocalypse ; Reductorium morale de proprietalibus rerum, in 14 books and 958 chapters, a methodical encyclopaedia or system of nature on the plan of Bartholomew de Glanville, and chiefly taken from him (Berchorius places animals next after fishes in books 9 and 10, and adopts as natural classes volat dia, natatilia, and gressibilia) ; Dictionarius, an alphabetical dictionary of 3514 words used in the Bible with moral expositions, occupying in the last edition 1558 folio pages. The first part was printed 11 times from 1474 to 1515, and the third 4 times. The three parts were printed together as Petri Berchorii opera omnia (an incorrect title, for he wrote much besides), Moguntiae, 1609, fol. 3 vols., 2719 pages; Colonise Agrippina), 1631, fol. 3 vols; ib. 1730-31, fol. G vols., 2570 pages. A very popular small encyclopaedia, Margarita pliilo- sophica, in 12 books, divided into 26 tractates and 573 chapters, was written by George Reisch, a German, prior of the Carthusians of Freiburg, and confessor of the emperor Maximilian I. Books 1-7 treat of the seven liberal arts: 8, 9, principles and origin of natural things: 10, 11, the soul, vegetative, sensitive, and intellectual; 12, moral philosophy. The first edition, Heidelberg, 1496, 4to, was followed by 8 others .to 1535. An Italian translation by the astronomer Giovanno Paolo Gallucci was published at Venice in 1594, 1138 small quarto pages, of which 343 consist of additional tracts appended by the translator. Raphael Maffei, called Volaterranus, being a native of Volterra, where he was born in 1451 and died 5th January 1522, wrote Commentarii Urbani, Home, 150G, fol., in 38 books, so called because written at Home. This encyclo paedia, printed eight times up to 1603, is remarkable for the great importance given to geography, and also to biography, a subject not included in previous encyclopaedias. Indeed, the book is formed of three nearly equal parts, geographia, 11 books; anthropologia (biography), 11 books ; and philologia, 15 books. The book s are not divided into short chapters in the ancient manner, like these of its pre decessors. The edition oi 1G03 contains 814 folio pages. The first book consists of the table of contents and a classed index; books 2-12, geography; 13-23, lives of illustrious men, the popes occupying book 22, and the emperors book 23 ; 24-27, animals and plants ; 28, metals, gems, stones, houses, and other inanimate things ; 34, de scicntiis cyclicis (grammar and rhetoric) ; 35, de scientiis mathematicis (arithmetic, geometry, optica, catoptricu, astronomy, and astrology) ; 36-38, Aristotelica (on thu works of Aristotle). George Valla, born about 1430 at Placentia, and there fore called Placeutinus, died at Venice in 1499 while lecturing on the immortality of the soul. Aldus published his work, edited by his son John Peter Valla, De exj)ctendis et fuyiendis rebus, Venetiis, 1501, fol. 2 vols. It contains 49 books and 2119 chapters. Book 1 is introductory, on knowledge, philosophy, and mathematics, considered generally (he divides everything to be sought or avoided into three kinds those which are in the mind, in the body by nature or habit, and thirdly, external, coming from without); books 2-4, arithmetic; 5-9, music; 10-15, geometry, including Euclid and mechanics, book 15 being in three long chapters de spiritualibus, that is, pneumatics and hydraulics, de catoptricis, and de optice; 16-19, astrology (with the structure and use of the astrolabe); 20-23, physics (including metaphysics); 24-30, medicine; 31-34, grammar; 35-37, dialectics; 38, poetry; 39, 40, rhetoric; 41, moral philo sophy; 42-44, economics; 45, politics; 46-48, de eorporis com- modis et incommodis, on the good and evil of the body (aiid soul); 49, de rebus externis, as glory, grandeur, &c. Antonio Zara, born 1574, made bishop of Petinain Istria 1600, finished 17th January 1614 a work published as Anatomia Ingeniorum et Scientar ium, Venetiis, 1615, 4to, GG4 pages, in four sections and 54 membra. The first saction, on the dignity and excellence of man, in 16 membra, considers him in all his bodily and mental aspects. The first membrum describes his structure and his soul, and in the latter part contains the author s preface, the deeds of his ancestors, an account of himself, and the dedication of his book to Ferdinand archduke of Austria. Four membra treat of the discovery of character by chiromancy, physiog nomy, dreams, and astrology. The second section treats of 16 sciences of the imagination, writing, nragic, poetry, oratory, courtiership (aulicitas), theoretical and mystic arithmetic, geometry, architecture, optics, cosmography, a.strology, practical medicine, war, government. The third section treats of 8 sciences of intellect, logic, physics, metaphysics, theoretical medicine, ethics, practical juris prudence, judicature, theoretical theology. The fourth section treats of 12 sciences of memory, grammar, practical arithmetic, human history, sacred canons, practical theology, sacred history, and lastly the creation and the final catas trophe. The book, now very rare, is well arranged, with a copious index, and is full of curious learning. Johann Heinrich Alsted,born 1588, died 1638, published Encyclopaedia septem tomis distincta, Herbornse Nassovi- orum 1630, fol. 7 vols., 2543 pages of very small type. It is in 35 books, divided into 7 classes, preceded by 48 synop tical tables of the whole, and followed by an index of 119 pages. I. rnecognita disciplinarum, 4 books, hexologia, technologia, archelogia, didactica, that is, on intellectual habits and on tho classification, origin, and study of the arts. 1 1. Philology, G books, lexica, grammar, rhetoric, logic, oratory, and poetry: book 5, lexica. contains dictionaries explained in Latin ol 1076 Hebrew, 842Synae, 1934 Arabic, 1923 Greek, and 2092 Latin words, find also nomen- clator technologic, &c., a classified vocabulary of terms used in tho arts and sciences, in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, tilling 34 pages; 10 cosmography; 17, uranometria (astronomy and astrology); 18, geography (with maps of the Old World, eastern Mediterranean, and Palestine under the Old and New Testaments, and a plate of Noah s VIII. 25