Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 8.djvu/200

Rh 190 E N C E N Redeemer, The most Sacred Resurrection of Christ, and pastoral plays (Eglogas), as The Knight turned Shepherd, The Shepherds become Courtiers, The Triumph of Love. Seven of the number are reprinted in Bohl de Faber, Teatro espaiiol, Hamburg, 1832. After the author s death there appeared in 1556 without rubric, Documento e instruccion para las doncellas desposadus y recien casadas con una justa d amores. See Barrera, Catalogo del Teatro antiguo espaiiol. ENGKE, JOIIANN FRANZ (1791-1.865), a celebrated astronomer, was born at Hamburg on the 23d September 1791. He received his early education from his father, who was a clergyman, and he afterwards studied at the university of Gottingen, devoting himself specially to astronomy under the instruction of Professor Gauss. In 1813-14 he served in the Hanseatic legion in the war with Napoleon, and in 1815 he became a lieutenant of artillery in the Prussian service. When peace was concluded he resumed his astronomical studies at Gottingen until 1817, when he was appointed by Lindenau the Saxon minister of state to a post in the Observatory of Seeberg, near Gotha. In 1822-3 he published at Gotha two volumes, entitled Die Entfernung der Sonne, in which the various observations of the transits of Venus in 1761 and 1769 were carefully reconsidered, and the calculations verified and corrected. One of the earliest subjects to which his attention was directed was the determination of the orbit of the comet observed by Pons at Marseilles in November 1818. He calculated the period of its recurrence at about three and a quarter years, and conjectured it to be the same comet that nad appeared in 1786, 1795, and 1805. Upon the data he possessed he was able to predict its re appearance in 1822, and he stated also that it would probably be invisible in Europe. His prediction was almost exactly verified, the comet being observed in New South Wales on the 3d June 1822, and the time of its perihelion passage being within three hours of that which he had computed. From the elements supplied by this observation he was able to foretell more accurately its recurrences in 1825 and 1828, and after the latter of these he determined its exact orbit. After the observation of 1832 he determined the period of its revolution as 3 29 years, with a gradual acceleration which he ascribed to the existence of a resisting medium. The comet is known as Encke s comet. In 1825 Encke was appointed to succeed Bode as director of the Royal Observatory at Berlin, a situation which he filled with great ability until within a year of his death. In 1830 he became editor of the Berlin Astronomisches Jahrbitch, to which lie contributed a large number of valuable papers. The observations taken under his direction at the Berlin Observatory were recorded and published in a series of volumes, of which the first appeared in 1840. Of his many other contributions to astronomical literature may be mentioned his new method for computing perturbations, his dissertation De Formidis Dioptricis (1845), and his work on the relation of astronomy to the other sciences, which was published in 1840. Encke was one of the foreign members of the Royal Society of London, and in 1840 he was created a knight by the king of Prussia. He died at Spandau on September 2, 1865. ENCYCLOPAEDIA THE Greeks seem to have understood by encyclo paedia (eyKVKAoTraiSeia, or eyKwAtos TrcuSeta) instruc tion in the whole circle or complete system of learning education in arts and sciences. Thus Pliny, in the preface to his Natural History, says that his book treated of all the subjects of the encyclopaedia of the Greeks, &quot; Jam omnia attingenda quoe Graeci T?}S ey/cvKAoTratSetas vocant.&quot; Quintilian (lust. Orat., i. 10) directs that before boys are placed under the rhetorician they should be instructed in the other arts, &quot;ut efficiatur orbis ille doctrinae quam Gneci ey/oNcAoTraiSetav vocant.&quot; Galen (De victus ratione in morbis acutis, c. 11) speaks of those who are not educated ev rfj eyKv/cAoTraiSeia. In these passages of Pliny and Quintilian, however, from one or both of which the modern use of the word seems to have been taken, eyKVKXios TratSeia is now read, and this seems to have been the usual expression. Vitruvius (lib. vi. praef.) calls the eucyclios or eyKwAios TraiSeta of the Greeks &quot; doctrinarum omnium clisciplina,&quot; instruction in all branches of learning. Strabo (lib. iv. cap. 10) speaks of philosophy KOL TT/V aXXrjv TrcuSeiav eyKVKLov. Tzetzes (Chiliades, xi 527), quoting from Porphyry s Lives of the Philosophers, says that ey/cu /cAta /jiaOrj/jLara was the circle of grammar, rhetoric, philosophy, and the four arts under it, arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy. Zonaras explains it as grammar, poetry, rhetoric, philosophy, mathematics, and simply every art and science (aTrAws Tracra re^yr) KOL eTricrrT//^), because sophists go through them as through a circle. The idea seems to be a complete course of instruction in all parts of knowledge. An epic poem was called cyclic when it contained the whole mythology ; and among physicians Kv/&amp;lt;Aa&amp;gt; Ofpa-n-fveiv, cyclo curare (Vegetius, De Arte Veterinaria, ii. 5, 6), meant a cure effected by a regular and prescribed course of diet and medicine (see Wowe r, De Polymalhia, c. 24, 14). The word encyclopaedia was probably first used in English by Sir Thomas Elyot. &quot; In an oratour is required to be a heape of all maner of lernyng : whiche of some is called the worlde of science, of other the circle of doctrine, whiche is in one worde of greke Encyclopedia.&quot; The Governour, bk. i. chap. xiii. In his Latin dictionary, 1538, he ex plains &quot; Encyclios et Encyclia, the cykle or course of all doctrines,&quot; and &quot;Encyclopedia, that lernynge whiche com- prehendeth all lyberall science and studies.&quot; The term does not seem to have been used as the title of a book by the ancients or in the Middle Ages. The edition of the works of Joachimus Fortius Ringelbergius, printed at Basel in 1541, is called on the title-page Luciibrationes vel potius absolutissima KUKAo7rai8eta. Paulus Scalichius dc Lika, an Hungarian count, wrote Encyclopaedia? seu Orbis Dis- ciplinarum Epistemon, Basileae, 1599, 4to. Alsted pub lished in 1 608 Encyclopaedia Cursus Philosophici, which he afterwards expanded into his great work, first published in 1620, called without any limitation Encyclopaedia, because it treats of everything that can be learned by man in this life. This is now the most usual sense in which the word encyclopaedia is used a book treating of all the various kinds of knowledge, and it has become in modern times the common titls of such books. Cyclopaedia was formerly sometimes used, but is now retained only in English, and is not merely without any appearance of classical authority, but is etymologically less definite, complete, and correct. For as Cyropaedia means &quot; the instruction of Cyrus,&quot; so cyclopaedia may mean &quot; instruction of a circle.&quot; Yossius says, &quot; Cyclopaedia is sometimes found, but the best writers say encyclopaedia&quot; (De Vitiis Sermonis, 1645, p. 402). Gesner says, &quot; Kv/cAos est circulus, quae figura .est simplicissima et perfectissima simul : nam incipi potest ubicunque in ilia et ubicunque cohasret. Cyclopaedia itaque significat omnem doctrinarum scientiam inter se cohserere. Encyclopaedia est institutio in illo circulo.&quot; (Isagogc, 1774, i. 40.) In a more restricted sense, encyclopaedia means a system or classification of the various branches of