Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 8.djvu/192

182 in the earlier it was  in much the same sense as the s of other  s, that is to say, the consent of the  and people, latterly of the chief  only, was required to the elevation of a, while practically it was , that is to say, the son or other near relative of the last  was usually chosen to  him. Partly, however, owing to the extinction of several families in succession which had held it, partly to the inﬂuence of the and the idea that the  was of a more  nature than the, the  gradually came to prevail over the  principle; and from the  onwards, the -  was in the gift of a small  consisting ﬁrst of seven, then of eight, and ultimately of nine s (see Pfeffinger, Vitriarius illustratus; Moser, Römische Kayser, Bryce, Holy Roman Empire. Nevertheless, from the  of  in  down to , all the  except two—  and  —belonged to the  of . The present, which came into existence when the of  accepted the  of  ( 31, ), is not  a continuation of the - empire, though practically it occupies a somewhat similar an position. Technically speaking, it is a new creation, which has not succeeded to the of  any more than the  has to those of the  or, which the s have sometimes claimed to represent. (undefined)  EMPOLI, a of, in the of  and district of, is situated in a fertile  on the  , 6 from , with which it is connected by. Its principal are the  of , , -plaiting, and the  of. It has a, founded in , and containing some ﬁne  and s by  and others. The population in 1871 was 5919.  EMPYEMA (from ἐν, within, and πῦον, ), a in applied to an accumulation of   within the  of the  (see ).  EMS, a ing place of, in the district of, province of , is situated on the , 7 S.E. of , in a beautiful surrounded by  and -clad. It possesses, which are used both for drinking and for , and are considered of great efficacy as a  for chronic  s and  of the  and. About 15,000 persons frequent them. In Ems, on 13th,, took place the famous interview between  of  and the   , which resulted in the  of –. The of Ems in  was 6104.

Plan of Ems.

1. Evangelical Church 7. Police Ofﬁce 2. Synagogue. 8. New Baths. 3. Gas Works. 9. Catholic Church 4. Baths. 10. Catholic Cemetery 5. Curhaus 11 English Church. 6. Cursaal

 ENAMEL. An enamel may be best deﬁned as a vitreous glaze fused to a metallic surface. There is indeed no difference between an enamel and a glaze, save in the character of the surface to which it is applied. Both are vitriﬁed substances, either with or without colour, and exhibiting every degree_of translucency,——son1e varieties being perfectly transparent, while others are completely opaque. Chemically they consist of easily—fusible salts, such as the silicates and borates of sodium, potassium,'and lead, to which various metallic oxides are added when it is desired to impart colour to the enamel. These varieties of glass are pulverized, and the powder is used either in a dry or, more commonly, in a moistened state. The powder or paste, having been spread -over the surface to be in- crusted, is exposed to a moderate temperature in a muﬂle heated in the enamel-furnace, when the vitreous substance soon becomes suﬂiciently ﬂuid to spread itself over the metallic surface, to which it closely adheres. If the glass is merely cemented to the metal, without any trace of fusion, 'the process is not true enamelling._ Although it is extremely convenient to restrict the term “ enamel,” as in the deﬁnition at the head of this article, to those glassy materials which are applied to the surface of metals, it should be remarked that some writers extend it to glazes which are employed on pottery and on other non-metallic materials ; while popularly the term has a yet wider use, being applied in fact to almost any brilliant surface, whether produced by varnishing, by lacquering, or by other processes not involving fusion ; hence we hear of enamelled leather, enamelled paper, enamelled slate, «Szc. Sometimes a coating of true enamel or of glaze is employed solely for utility, as in the case of vessels of enamelled iron or of glazed earthenware ; but more commonly enamels are applied with a view to decorative effect, the decoration thus produced being extremely permanent, since the fused material is but little affected by atmospheric inﬂuences. When enamelling is thus artistically employed, it is usual to speak of. the ﬁnished works of art themselves as “enamels,” and, as such usage has no practical incon- venience, it will be followed in this article. According to some authorities, the oldest reference to enamelling is to be found in the beck of Ezekiel (i. 4, ‘27; viii. '2). The original Wor-l Clllt-x'ltlll'll, Fly-rt", was translated by the LXX. ﬁle/trim, and appears in the authorized version as amber. Genesius, however, believes that the Hebrew word signiﬁed polished metal rather than amber. Pliny tells us that the word elem-um was applied to two distinct substances, namely, to amber and to an alloy of gold and g. silver. It has been held, however, by M. Labarte, a great authority on the history of enamelling, that there are passages in Homer and in Hesiod in which the word electron will not bear either of I’liny’s meanings, but must be taken to signify enamelled gold. Labarte has found a formidable opponent to this interpretation in the Count Ferdinand De Lasteyrie (L’E’lectrum des anciens étail-il de l’émaz'l? Paris, 1857). To whatever period the origin of enamelling may be assigned, it is certain that glazes having the composition of good enamels were manufactured at a very.early date. Excellent glazes are still preserved on some of the bricks which have been found among the ruins of Babylonia and Assyria, and have been referred to the or  or should we forget the glazed slipper-shaped cofﬁns which occur in great numbers at Warka, probably the ancient Ur of the Chaldees, and are referred to the Sassanian period. The glazes on the Babylonian bricks were examined by Dr Percy, who found that the base was