Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 8.djvu/170

Rh 1GO E M B E M B feloniously stolen the same from his master or employer, although such chattel, money, or security was not received into the possession of such master or employer other wise than by the actual possession of his clerk, servant, or other person so employed, and being convicted thereof shall be- liable, at the discretion of the court, to be kept in peual servitude for any time not exceeding fourteen years, and not less than three {now five) years.&quot; To constitute the offence thus described three things must concur : (1) The offender must be a clerk or servant ; (2) he must receive into his possession some chattel on behalf of his master ; and (3) he must fraudulently embezzle the same. A clerk or servant has been defined to be a person bound either by an express contract of service or by conduct implying such a contract to obey the orders and submit to the control of his master in the transaction of the business which it is his duty as such clerk or servant to transact. (Stephen s Diyest of the Criminal Law, Art. 309.) The Larceny Act also describes similar offences on the part of persons, not being clerks or servants, to which the name embezzlement is not un commonly applied, e.g., the fraudulent conversion by bankers, merchants, brokers, attorneys, or other agents, of money or securities or goods intrusted to them. This offence is a misdemeanour punishable by penal servitude for any term not exceeding seven nor less than five years. So also trustees fraudulently disposing of trust property, and directors of companies fraudulently appropriating the company s property or keeping fraudulent accounts, or wil fully destroying books or publishing fraudulent statements, are misdemeanants punishable in the same way. EMBLEMENTS, in English law, means the growing crops which belong to the tenant of an estate of uncertain duration, which has unexpectedly determined without any fault of his own. &quot; Tt is derived from the French emblavence de bled (corn sprung or put up above ground), and strictly signifies the growing crops of sown land ; but the doctrine of emblements extends not only to corn sown, but to roots planted and other annual artificial profits &quot; (Woodfall on Landlord and Tenant). If the estate, although of uncertain duration, is determined by the tenant s own acts, the right to emblements does nut arise. By 14 and 15 Viet. c. 25, a tenant at rack-rent, whose lease has deter mined by the death or cession of estate of a landlord entitled only for life, or for any other uncertain interest, shall, in stead of emblements, be entitled to hold the lands until the expiration of the current year of his tenancy. EMBOSSING is the art of producing raised portions or patterns on the surface of metal, leather, textile fabrics, cardboard, paper, and similar substances. Strictly the term is applicable only to raised impressions produced by means of engraved dies or plates brought forcibly to bear on the material to be embossed, by various means, according to the nature of the substance acted on. Thus raised patterns produced by carving, chiselling, casting, and chasing or hammering are excluded from the range of embossed work. Embossing supplies a convenient and expeditious medium for producing elegant ornamental effects in many distinct industries ; and especially in its relations to paper and card board its applications are varied and important. Crests, monograms, addresses, &c., are embossed on paper and envelopes from dies (see DIE-SINKING) set in small hand- screw presses, a force or counter-die being prepared in leather faced with a coating of gutta-percha. The diss to be used for plain embossing are generally cut deeper than those intended to be used with colours. Colour embossing is done in two ways the first and ordinary kind that in which the ink is applied to the raised portion of the design. The colour in this case is spread on the die with a brush, and the whole surface is carefully cleaned, leaving only ink in the depressed parts of the engraving. In the second variety called cameo embossing the colour is applied to the flat parts of the design by means of a small printing roller, and the letters or design in relief is left uucoloured. In embossing large ornamental designs, engraved plates or electrotypes therefrom are employed, the force or counter part being composed of mill-board faced with gutta-percha. In working these, powerful screw-presses, in principle like coining or medal-striking presses, are employed. Embossing also is most extensively practised for ornamental purposes in the art of bookbinding. The blocked ornaments on cloth covers for books, and the blocking or imitation tooling on the cheaper kinds of leather work, are effected by means of powerful embossing or arming presses. (See BOOKBINDING.) For impressing embossed patterns on wall papers, textiles of various kinds, and felt, cylinders of copper, engraved with the patterns to be raised, are employed, and these are mounted in calender frames, in which they press against rollers having a yielding surface, or so constructed that depressions in the engraved cylinders fit into corresponding elevations in those against which they press. The opera tions of embossing and colour printing are also sometimes effected together in a modification of the ordinary cylinder printing machine used in calico-printing, in which it is only necessary to introduce suitably engraved cylinders. For many purposes the embossing rollers must be maintained at a high temperature while in operation ; and they are heated either by steam, by gas jets, or by the introduction of red- hot irons within them. The stamped or struck ornaments in sheet metal, used especially in connection with the brass and Britannia metal trades, are obtained by a process of embossing hard steel dies with forces or counter-parts of soft metal being used in their production (see BRASS). A kind of embossed ornament is formed on the surface of soft wood by first compressing and consequently sinking the parts intended to be embossed, then planing the whole sur face level, after which, when the wood is placed in water, the previously depressed portion swells up and rises to its original level. Thus an embossed pattern is produced which may be subsequently sharpened and finished by the ordinary process of carving. EMBROIDERY 1 is the art of working with the needle flowers, fruits, human and animal forms upon wool, silk, linen, or other woven texture. That it is of the greatest antiquity we have the testimony of Moses and Homer, and it takes precedence of painting, as the earliest method of representing figures and ornaments was by needle-work traced upon canvas. From the earliest times it served to decorate the sacerdotal vestments and other objects applied to ecclesiastical use, and queens deemed it an honour to occupy their leisure hours in delineating with the needle the achievements of their heroes. The Jews are supposed to have derived their skill in needle-work from the Egyptians, with whom the art of embroidery was general ; they produced figured cloths by the needle and the loom, and practised the art of introducing gold thread or wire into their work. Amasis, king of Egypt, sent to the Minerva of Lindus a linen corslet with figures interwoven and em broidered with gold and wool; and, to judge from a passage in Ezekiel, they even embroidered the sails of their galleys which they exported to Tyre : &quot;Fine linen with broidered work from Egypt was that which thou spreadest forth to be thy sail.&quot; Embroidery and tapestry are often con founded; the distinction should be clearly understood. Embroidery is worked upon a woven texture having both warp and woof, whereas tapestry is wrought in a loom upon a warp stretched along its frame, but has no warp thrown across by the shuttle; the weft is done with short threads variously coloured and put in bj 7 a kind of needle. 1 French, lord, bordure; Anglo-Saxon, bonl the edge or margin of anything, because embroidery was chiefly exercised upon the edge or border of vestments.