Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 7.djvu/584

562 562 DURHAM which in Xorman times was softened to &quot; Duresrne,&quot; whence &quot;Dnrhain.&quot; The castle was erected by William the Con queror in 1072, across the neck of the peninsula, so as to guard the church and monastery. In 1093 Ealdhune s Plan of Durham. church was rebuilt by Bishop Carileph, who changed the Anglo-Saxon establishment of married priests into a Benedictine abbey. The Cathedral. Carileph s grand Norman church still forms the main part of the cathedral buildings; but numerous additions have been made from time to time, the chief of which are the Galilee or western chapel, of the Transitional period, the eastern transept or &quot; Nine Altars&quot; and the western towers (Early English), and the central tower (Perpendicular). Decorated and Perpendicular win dows have, as is usual in old churches, been freely inserted. The interior presents the appearance, as Dr Johnson remarked, of &quot; rocky solidity and of indeterminate duration,&quot; and combines, we may add, absolutely perfect proportion in all its original parts with a harmonious magnificence of detail in its massive columns, arches, and stone groining. It has recently been thoroughly cleaned, and supplied with much painted glass and very costly modern fittings, includ ing a new organ built on the largest scale and of fine tone. Durham Cathedral, or &quot; The Abbey,&quot; as old-fashioned residents still call it, has long been celebrated and still maintains its reputation for its choral services, as being at least equal to any in England in point of musical execution. This glorious building has been admirably illustrated in Carter s Plates, and in Billings s Architecture of Durham Cathedral. It is 507 feet in length, by 200 in extreme breadth, with a central tower 214 feet in height, and two smaller ones 138 feet high at the west end. The Galilee or western chapel was built by Bishop Pudsey between 1 153 and 1195, and contains the supposed remains of the Vener able Bede. In the chapel of the Nine Altars are the remains of St Cuthbert, brought to light in 1827. The cathedral library, formerly the dormitory and refectories of the abbey, contains a number of curious and interesting printed books, and MSS., and the portable altar, vestments, and other relics found in St Cuthbert s grave. The see of Durham was long the richest bishopric in England. The total revenue of the dean and chapter during the seven years ending 1834 amounted to 36,937 a year. On the death of the incum bent in 1836, at the recom mendation of the Ecclesiasti cal Commissioners, the income of the bishop was fixed at 8000 per annum the sur plus revenues of the see be ing reserved to form a fund for augmenting the incomes Arms of Bishopric. of the poorer bishops. Castle, &c. The castle of Durham consists of a polygonal keep, now reconstructed to form a very inconvenient set of college rooms ; the great hall built by Bishop Hatfield, which in some respects exceeds any hall in the older univer sities ; the Norman hall, now cut up into rooms : the old Norman crypt chapel ; Bishop Tunstall s chapel, at present in use ; the Black Staircase, built by Bishop Cosin ; and the kitchen, the gate-house, and other offices. These are grouped round a court very irregular in plan, and not less picturesque in general effect. Durham Castle was the chief residence of the bishops of the Palatinate, but is now appropriated to the uses of the university, with the exception of the state apartments, which are partly reserved for the bishop and for Her Majesty s judges of assize. The univer sity was opened in 1833 ; an account of it will be found under UNIVERSITIES. Besides the cathedral, Durham has seven parish churches. There are also places of worship for Roman Catholics, and for various denominations of Protes tants. The grammar school attached to the cathedral was founded by Henry VIII. in 1541, and possesses eighteen &quot; king s scholarships,&quot; of the annual value of nearly 40 each. There are also several scholarships and exhibitions tenable at the universities. The original school-room is now used by the university of Durham ; the new buildings are beautifully situated to the west of the city, and are very handsome and commodious, including residences for the head and second masters, and a school infirmary. Durham possesses flourishing diocesan training colleges for school masters and schoolmistresses ; and about four miles to the west of the city is the great Roman Catholic College called St Cuthbert s College, Ushaw, the present representative of the old college at Douai. The civil corporation of Durham and Framwellgate con sists of the mayor, six alder men, and eighteen councillors, with a recorder, a chaplain, and town clerk, two elective auditors, and two elective assessors. On the passing of the Corporation Act, 5 and 6 Will. IV. c. 76, the election of the eighteen councillors was vested in the citizens occupy ing houses and paying poor and other rates. The coun cillors SO elected have to Corporation Seal. choose the six aldermen, and the aldermen and councillors have the election of the mayor. Four charters (all, except the third, preserved in the &quot;Hutch&quot; at the Guild Hall) have been granted to the city by different bishops of Durham: the first by Hugh Pudsey, confirmed by Pope Alexander III., 1179 or 1180; the second by Tobiaa