Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 7.djvu/362

344 1686, leaving a daughter (Agnese), who arrived at some degree of excellence in copying the works of her father. Carlo Dolci holds somewhat the same rank in the Florentine that Sassoferrato does in the Homan school. Without the possession of much genius, invention, or eleva tion of type, both these artists produced highly wrought pictures, extremely attractive to some tastes. The works of Dolci are easily distinguishable by the delicacy of the composition, and by an agreeable tint of colour, improved by judicious management of the chiaroscuro, which gives his figures a striking relief ; he affected the use of ultra marine, much loaded in tint. &quot; His pencil,&quot; says Pilkington, &quot; was tender, bis touch inexpressibly neat, and his colouring transparent ; though he has often been censured for the excessive labour bestowed on his pictures, and also for giving his carnations more of the appearance of ivory than the look of flesh.&quot; All his best productions are of a devout description ; they frequently represent the patient suffering of Christ or the sorrows of the Mater Dolorosa. Dolci was, in fact, from early youth, exceedingly pious; it is said that during passion week every year he painted a half-figure of the Saviour. His sacred heads are marked with pathetic or at least strongly sentimental emotion. There is a want of character in his pictures, but the general tone accords with the idea of the passion por trayed. Among the best works of this master are the St Sebastian ; the Four Evangelists, at Florence ; Christ Breaking the Bread, in the marquis of Exeter s collection at Burleigh ; the St Cecilia in Dresden ; an Adoration of the Magi ; and in especial St Andrew praying before his crucifixion, in the Pitti Gallery, his most important com position, painted in 1646; alsa several smaller pictures, which are highly valued, and occupy honourable places in the richest galleries.  DOLE, a town of France, at the head of an arrondissement in the department of Jura, 28 miles N. of Lons-le- Saulnier, occupying the declivity of a hill on the right bank of the Doubs, which is there accompanied by the canal between the Rhone and the Rhine. It is the seat of a tri bunal of primary instance, and has a Jesuit college, an agri cultural society, a school of design, a theatre, a museum, and a public library of upwards of 40,000 volumes. The principal public buildings are the court-house, originally a Franciscan monastery dating from 1572 ; the church of Notre Dame, a Gothic structure of the ; the H6tel-Dieu, the prison, the tarracks, two hospitals, and the ancient tower of Vergy. Among the manufactures of the town are straw hats, hosiery, chemicals, leather, and agri cultural implements ; and it carries on a good trade in agri cultural produce, wood, iron, and marble. Dole is believed to have been a station on the Roman road from Lyons to the Rhine, and it still preserves what seem to be remains of an aqueduct, a bridgo, and a theatre, of Roman construc tion From to it was the seat of a university; but there can have been but little study in  when the town was taken by Louis XI., and so completely sacked that only Jean Vurry's house, as it is still called, and other two buildings were left standing. It subsequently came into the hands of the Spaniards, and in was fortified by Charles V. In 1636 it was able to hold out against the prince of Conde ; but in 1668 and 1674 it was captured by the French, and on the latter occasion was deprived of its defences. Till Besanc.on was incorporated with the province, Dole ranked as the capital of Franche Comte&quot;, and was the seat of a parlement.  DOLET, (–), a French scholar and printer, whose fame is due as well to the painful romance of his life as to the high importance of his labours. A tradition, of what authority it is hard to say, makes him the illegitimate son of Francis I.; and it is evident that he was at least connected with some family of rank and wealth. From Orleans, where he was born, he was taken to Paris about ; and after enjoying there the instruction of Nicolas Be&quot;rauld, the teacher of Coligni, he proceeded in to Padua. The death of his friend and master, Simon de Villanova, led him, in, to accept the post of secretary to Jean de Langeac, French ambassador to tha republic of Venice ; but he managed, in spite of his new occupation, to attend the lectures of the Venetian scholar Battista Egnazio, and to write Latin love poems to some Venetian Elena, who died, however, before he left the city. Returning to France in he proceeded to Toulouse for the study of law ; but there he soon became involved in the violent disputes then raging between the different “nations” of the university, roused the anger of the public authorities by his keen condemnation of some of their measures, was thrown into prison, ran the risk of being assassinated, and was finally banished by a decree of the parlement. In he entered the lists against Erasmus in the famous Ciceronian controversy, by publishing, through Sebastian Gryphe at Lyons, a Dialogus de Imitatione Ciceroniana ; and the following year saw the appearance of his two folio volumes Commentariorum Linguae Latinos. In he obtained from Francis I. a privilege to print during ten years any works in Latin, Greek, Italian, or French which were the product of his own pen or had received his super vision ; and accordingly, on his release from an imprison ment occasioned by his justifiable homicide of a painter Campanini, he commenced at Lyons his typographical and editorial labours. That he was not altogether unaware of the dangers to which he was exposed from the bigotry and fierce-heartedness of the times is shown not only by the tone of his mottoes Preserve moi, Seigneur, des calomnies des hommes, and Durior est spectatce virtutis qiiam incognito? conditio but also by the fact that he endeavoured first of all to conciliate the theological wolves by publishing a Cato christianus, or Christian moralist, in which he made pro fession of his creed. The catholicity of his literary appreciation, in spite of his ultra-Ciceronianism, was soon displayed by the variety of the works which proceeded from his press ancient and modern, sacred and secular, from the New Testament in Latin to Rabelais in French. But long before the term of his privilege expired his labours were interrupted by the machinations of his enemies, who neither shrank from bringing against him what was then the most terrible of all accusations, nor relented in their pursuit till their purpose was completely realized. From a first imprisonment of fifteen months their victim was released by the advocacy of Pierre Duchatel, bishop of Tulle ; and from a second he escaped by his own ingenuity ; but, venturing back from Piedmont, whither he had fled in order that he might print at Lyons the letters by which he appealed for justice to the king of France, the queen of Navarre, and the parlement of Paris, he was again arrested, hurried up to the capital, branded as a relapsed atheist by the theological faculty of the Sorbonne, and on the 3d of August put to the torture, strangled, and burned in the Place Maubert. On his way thither he is said to have composed the punning pentameter Non dolet ipse Dolet, sed pla turba dolet. As if in prophetic mockery of their own proceedings, the doctors of the Sorbonne based their decision on the three words Rien du tout or &quot; Nothing at all,&quot; inserted by Dolet in a passage of the Axiockus of Plato, which even without them denied, if not so emphati cally, the immortality of the soul ; and this they did in spite of the fact that according to their own showing, his works must have been full of most damnable heresies, and had already in furnished excellent fuel to the hangman s fire. Whether Dolet is to be classed with the representatives of Protestantism or with the advocates of 