Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 7.djvu/25

 be in residence eight months, and the canons three months, in every year. The bishop is visitor of the dean and chapter. 2. The dean of peculiars &quot; hath no chapter, yet is presentative, and hath cure of souls ; he hath a peculiar , and is not subject to the visitation of the bishop.&quot; 3. The third dean &quot; hath no cure of souls, but hath a court and a peculiar, in which he holdeth plea and jurisdiction of all such ecclesiastical matters as come within his peculiar. Such is the Dean of the Arches, who is the judge of the court of the arches, the chief court and consistory of the archbishop of Canterbury, so called of Bow Church, where this court was ever wont to be held.&quot; The parish of Bow and twelve others are within the peculiar jurisdiction of the archbishop in spiritual causes, and exempted out of the bishop of London s jurisdiction. 4. Rural deans are clergymen whose duty is described as being &quot; to execute the bishop s processes and to inspect the lives and manners of the clergy and people within their jurisdiction&quot; (see Phillimore s Ecclesiastical Law). In the colleges of the English universities one of the fel lows usually holds the office of &quot; dean,&quot; and is specially charged with the discipline, as distinguished from the teaching functions of the tutors.

 DEBENTURE, a deed by which certain property is charged with the repayment of money lent at a fixed inte rest. It is commonly adopted by companies of a public nature as a means of raising money for carrying on their undertakings. The creation of debenture stock in such com panies is regulated in England by the Companies Clauses Act, 18G3, part iii., which makes debenture stock a prior charge on the undertaking, and gives the interest thereon priority of payment over all dividends or interest on any shares or stock of the company, whether ordinary or preference or guaranteed. Payment of arrears may be enforced by appointment of a receiver, or (in Scotland) of a judicial factor.

 DEBRECZYN, or, a royal free city of Hungary, the chief town of the comitat of Hadju, and one of the largest in the kingdom, is situated in the midst of a slightly elevated sandy plain 114 miles east of Pesth, with which it is connected by rail. It is a meanly-built, straggling town, with irregular suburbs stretching out into the plain ; its wide roadways are only paved with wood down, the centre and along the sides ; its houses are with few exceptions only one story high, and the courtyards or gardens with which they are usually furnished give the whole place the appearance of an overgrown village, in spite of the number of its public buildings. The most prominent of these is the principal Protestant church, which ranks as the largest in the country, but has no great architectural pretensions. In its immediate neighbourhood is the Protestant Collegium, a large and flourishing institu tion founded in 1792, and possessed of an extensive library. The town-house, the Franciscan church, the Piarist monastery and college, and the theatre are worthy of mention ; there are also hospitals, two gymnasiums, and an agricultural academy. The industries of the town are pretty various, but none of them are of importance enough to give it the character of a manufacturing centre. Its tobacco-pipes, of the genuine national style, its sausages, and its soap are widely known ; and the first of the three are imported to England and France. Flour and beet-root sugar are also manufactured. Every three months the neighbouring plain is covered with the booths and bustle of a great fair ; but since the opening of the railway there is hardly so extensive a concourse as before. Between 300 and 400 square miles of territory belong to the municipality, which derives a large annual revenue from the woods, pas tures, &c. The inhabitants are, with very few exceptions, of Magyar origin and Calvinistic creed, and are in bad repute for their alleged selfishness and inhospitality. The town is of considerable antiquity, but owes its develop ment to the refugees who flocked from the villages plundered by the Turks in the 15th century. In 1552 it adopted the Protestant faith, and it had to suffer in consequence, especially when it was captured in 1 686 by the imperial forces. In 1693 it was made a royal free city. In 1848-9 it formed a refuge for the National Government and Legislature when Buda-Pesth fell into the hands of the Austrians ; and it was in the great Calvinist church that Kossuth read the proclamation that declared the house of Hapsburg to have forfeited the crown of Stephen. On the 3d of July the town was captured by the Russians. Population in 1869, 46,111.

 DEBT is a sum certain due by one person to another. It may be created by contract, by statute, or by judgment. By the Judicature Act, 1873, any absolute assignment of any debt or other legal chose in action, of which express notice in writing shall have been given to the debtor, trustee, or other person from whom the assignor would have been entitled to receive or claim such debt, shall be effectual in law. If the debtor receives notice that such assignment is disputed by the assignor, or any one claiming under him, he may call upon the parties to interplead con cerning the same, or he may pay the money into court in conformity with the Acts for the Relief of Trustees. Order xlv. of the Rules of Court under the same Act contains the provisions under which the debts due to a person against whom a judgment has passed for the payment of money may be attached by the judgment creditor. See BANKRUPTCY.

 DECALOGUE (in patristic Greek, [Greek], sc., [Greek] or [Greek]) is another name for the ten com- mandments,in.Ilebi:ev?th.etenwords(De.t. iv. 13,x. 4;Exod. xxxiv. 28), written on the two tables of stone, the so- called tables of the revelation (E. V., tables of testimony Ex. xxxiv. 29, comp. ch. xxv. 21), or tables of the covenant (Deut. ix. 9). In Deuteronomy the inscription on these tables, which is briefly called the covenant (iv. 13), is expressly identified with the words spoken by Jehovah out of the midst of the fire at Mount Sinai in the ears cf the whole people on the &quot;day of the assembly,&quot; and rehearsed in ch. v. 6-21. In the narrative of Exodus the relation of the &quot; ten words &quot; of ch. xxxiv. to the words spoken from Sinai, ch. xx. 2-17, is not so clearly indicated a circumstance which has given rise to speculations as to the possible existence of a second decalogue. Before entering on this question, however, we must examine the decalogue as usually understood and embodied in the parallel passages in Exod. xx. and Deut. v.

1. The variations in the parallel texts, so far as they are important for the criticism of the decalogue, are mainly two. (a) The reason assigned for the institution of the Sabbath in Exodus is drawn from the creation, and agrees with Gen. ii. 3. In Deuteronomy the command is based on the duty of humanity to servants and the memory of Egyptian bondage. (V) In the tenth commandment, as given in Exodus, &quot; house &quot; means house and household, including all the particulars which are enumerated in ver. 17. In Deuteronomy, &quot;Thou shalt not covet thy neigh bour s wife &quot; comes first, and &quot;house &quot; following in associa tion with field is to be taken in the literal restricted sense.

2. The construction of the Hebrew text of the second commandment is disputed, but the most natural sense seems to be, &quot; Thou shalt not make unto thee a graven image ; [and] to no visible shape in heaven, &c., shalt thou bow down, &amp;lt;fec.&quot; The third commandment might be better rendered, &quot; Thou shalt not utter the name of the Lord thy God vainly.&quot;

3. Divisions of the Decalogue.—The division current in 