Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 7.djvu/207

189 DICTIONARY 189 Karady, Leipz. 1848, 12mo: Mole, Pest. 1865, 8vo, 2 vols. GER- M AN. Schuster, Wien, 1838, 8vo : Bloch, Pesth, 1857, 4to, 2 vols.: Ballagi, ib. 1857, 8vo; 1862-64, 8vo, 2 vols: Loos, ib. 1870, 8vo, 914 pages. ETYMOLOGICAL. Dankovsky ([jat.-Germ. ), Press- bnrg, 1853, 8vo : Kresznerics (under roots, in Hung.), Budun, 1831-32, 4to, 2 vols: Podhorsky (from Chinese roots, in Germ.), Buda pest, 1877, 8vo. NEW WORDS. Kunoss, Pesth, 1836, 8vo; 1844. Gipsy. Bischoff, Ilmenau, 1827, 8vo : Truxillo, Madrid, 1844, 8vo: Jimenes, Se villa, 1846, 16mo : Baudrimont, Bordeaux, 1862, Svo : Vaillant, Paris, 1868, 8vo : Paspati, Constantinople, 1870, 4lo : Borrow, Romany Laoo Lil, London, 1874, 8vo : Smart and Crofton, London, 1875, 8vo. Albanian. Blanchus, Romre, 1635, 8vo : Kaballioti (Romaic, Wallach. Alb.), Venice, 1770, 8vo: Xylander, Frankfurt a. M. 1835, 8v,o: Hahn, Jena, 1854, 4to: Rossi ua Montalto, Roma, 1866, 8vo. Turkish. ARAB. PERS. Esaad Eflfendi, Constantinople, 1802, fol. ROMAIC. Alexandrides, Vienna, 1812, 4to. POLTGLOTTS. Pianzola (Ital., Grec. volgare, e Turca), Padova, 1789, 4to: Ciakciak (Ital., Armeno, Turco), Venezia, 1804, 4to; 2d ed. 1829: Azarian (Ellenico, Ital., Arm., Turco), Vienna, 1848, 8vo : Mechi- tarist Congregation (Ital., Francese, Arm., Turco), ib. 1846, 8vo. LATIN. Alesgnien-Meninski, Viennse, 1680, fol. 3 vols.; ed. Jeuiseh and Klezl, ib. 1780-1802, fol. 4 vols. ENGLISH. Sauer- wein, London, 1855, 12mo: Redhouse, ib. 1856, 8vo, 1176 pages: Id., Eng. Turkish, ib. 1860, 8vo. FRENCH. Kieffer and Bianchi (Turk.-Fr.), Paris, 1835-37, 2 vol. 2118 pages: Bianchi (Fr. -Turk.) Paris, 1843-46, Svo, 2 vols. 2287 pages; 1850, 8vo, 2 vols.: Mallouf, ib. 1863-67, 8vo, 2 vols. FRENCH AND GERMAN. Zenker (Arab., Pers.), Leipz. 1862-76, 4 to, 2 vols, 982 pages. GERMAN. Korabinsky, Pressburg, 1788, Svo: Vambery, Con stantinople, 1858, Svo. ITALIAN. Molina, Roma, 1641, 8vo : Masais, Firenze, 1677, Svo : Ciadyrgy, Milan o, 1832-4, 4to, 2 vols. RUSSIAN. Budagov (Comparative lexicon of the Turkish- Tartar dialects), St Petersburg, 1869, 8vo, 2 vols. ASIA. Semitic. Semitic. POLTGLOTTS. Thurneissius, Berolini, 15S5, fol.: Thorndike, London, 1635, fol.: Schindler, Pentaglotton, Frankf. ad M. 1653, fol.: Hottinger, Heptaglotton, ib. 1661, fol.: Castellus, London, 1669, fol. 2 vols. (Hebrew, Chaldaic, Syriac, Samaritan, ^Ethiopia, and Arabic in one alphabet; Persian separately. It occupied him for seventeen years, during which he worked sixteen to eighteen hours a day): Otho, Frankf. a. M. 1702, 4to (the same languages with Rabbinical). Hebrew. About 875, Zemach, head of the school of Pum- beditlia, wrote a Talmudical dictionary of words and things, arranged in alphabetical order, which is lost. About 880, Jehu- dah ben Alan, of Tiberias, and Jehudah ibn Koreish, of Tahurt, in Morocco, wrote Hebrew dictionaries. Saadia ben Joseph (born 8Q2 t died 942), of Fayyum, in Upper Egypt, wrote I vijx ngp, probably a Hebrew-Arabic dictionary. Menachem ben Jacob Ibn Saruk (born 910, died about 970), of Tortosa and Cordova, wrote a copious Hebrew dictionary, first printed by Herschell F. Filipowski, Edin burgh, 1855, Svo, from five MSS. David ben Abraham, of Fas, wrote, in Arabic, a large Hebrew dictionary, the MS. of which, a quarto of 313 leaves on cotton paper, was found about 1830 by A. Firko- witz, of Eupatoria, in the cellar of a Karaite synagogue in Jeru salem. The age of this M - ork cannot be ascertained. About 1050, Ali ben Suleiman wrote a dictionary in Arabic, on the plan of that of David ben Abraham. The MS. of 429 leaves belongs to Firko- witz. Haja ben Sherira, the famous teacher of the Academy of Pumbeditha, wrote a Hebrew dictionary in Arabic, called^ CMvi (The Gathering), arranged alphabetically in the order of the last radical letter. This dictionary is lost, as well as that of the Span iard Isaac ben Saul, of Lucena. lona ibn Ganach, of Cordova, born about 985, wrote a Hebrew dictionary in Arabic called Kitdb el Azul (Book of Roots). This, as well as a Hebrew translation by Samuel ibn Tabon, is extant in MS., and was used by Gesenius in his Thesaurus. Rabbi David ben Joseph Kimchi died soon after 1232. His lexicon of roots, called D ener, was printed at Naples 1490, fol.; Constantinople, 1513, fol.; Naplef, v 1491, Svo ; Venice, 1552 ; Beroliui, 1838, 4 to. Tishbi (The Tishbite), by Elijah ben Asher, the Levite, so called because it contained 712 roots, was printed at Isny 1541, Svo and 4to, and often afterwards. LATIN. Munster, Basilere, 1523, Svo; 5 editions to 1564 : Zamora, Compluti, 1526, fol. : Pellicanus, Argentorati, 1540, fol. : Reuchlin, Basil. 1556, fol.: Avenarius, &quot;Wittebergoe, 1568, fol.; auctus, 1589: Pagnini, Lugd. Bat. 1575, fol.; 1577; Geneva, 1614: Buxtorf, Basil. 1607, Svo; 1615; and many other editions: Frey (Lat.-Eng.), 2d ed. London, 1815, 8vo : Gesenius, Thesaurus, Leips. 1829-58, 4to, 3 vols. ENGLISH. Bale, London, 1767, 4to : Parkhurst, ib. 1792, 4to: Lee, ib. 1840, Svo: Gesenius, translated by Robinson, ib. 1844, 8vo; by Tregelles, ib. 1846, 4 to : Fuerst, 4th ed. transl. by Davidson, ib. 1866, Svo; 1871, Svo, 1547 pages. FRENCH. l Leigh, Amst. 1703, 4to : Glaire, Paris, 1830, Svo ; 1843. GER MAN. Gesenius, Leipzig, 1810-12, Svo, 2 vols : Fuerst, ib. 1842, 16mo ; ib. 1876, Svo, 2 vols. ITALIAN. Modena, Venetia, 1612, 4to ; 1640 : Coen, Reggio, 1811, Svo : Fontanella, Venezia. 1824, Svo. DUTCH. Waterman, Rotterdam, 1859, &c., Svo. HUN GARIAN. Ehrentheil (Pentateuch), Pest, 1868, Svo. ROMAIC. Loundes, Melite, 1845, Svo, 987 pages. Rabbinical and Ghaldee. Nathan ben Jehiel of Rome wrote in the beginning of the 12th century a Talmudic dictionary, Aruch, printed 1480 (?), s.L, fol.; Pesaro, 1517, fol.; Venice, 1531 ; and often : Isaiah ben Loeb, Berlin, wrote a supplement to Amch, vol. i., Bresslau, 1830, Svo; vol. ii. (^ to n), Wien, 1859, Svo : Munster, Basil, 1527, 4to ; 1530, fol.: Elijah ben Asher, the Levite, transl. by Fagius, Isme, 1541, fol.; Venet. 1560: David ben Isaac de Pomis, Zamach David, Venet. 1587, fol.: Buxtorf, Basilese, 1639, fol.; ed. Fischer, Leips. 1866-75, 4to : Otho, Geneva, 1675, Svo; Altona, 1757, Svo: Zanolini, Patavii, 1747, Svo: Hornheim, Halle, 1807, Svo: Landau, Prag, 1819-24, Svo, 5 vols.: Dessauet-, Erlangen, 1838, Svo: Nork (i.e., Korn), Grimma, 1842, 4to : Schonhak, AVarschau, 1858, Svo, 2 vols. TARGUMS. Levy, Leip zig, 1866-68, 4to, 2 vols.; 1875: Id. (Eng.), London, 1869, Svo., 2 vols. TALMUD. Lowy (in Heb.), Wien, 1863, Svo: Levy, Leip zig, 1876, &c., 4to. PRAYER-BOOK. Hecht, Kreuznach, 1860, 8vo : Nathan, Berlin, 1854, 12mo. SYNONYMS. Pantavitius, Lodevse, 1640, fol. FOREIGN WORDS. Rabeini, Lemberg, 1857, Svo, &c. JEWISH-GERMAN. Callenberg, Halle, 1736, 8vo : Voll- beding, Hamburg, 1808, 8vo : Stern, Miinchen, 1833, Svo, 2 vols. : Theile, Berlin, 1842-43, Svo, 2 vols : Ave-Lallemant, Das Deutsche. Gauncrthum, Leipzic, 1858, Svo, 4 vols; vol. iv. pp. 321-512. Phoenician. M. A. Levy, Breslau, 1864, Svo. Samaritan. Crinesius, Altdorphi, 1613, 4to: Morini, Parisiis. 1657, 12mo: Hilligerus, Vittebergae, 1679, 4to : Cellarius, Cizse, 1682, 4to ; Frankof. 1705: Uhlemann, Leipsiai, 1837, Svo: Nicholls, London, 1859, Svo. Assyrian. N orris, London, 1868, Svo, 3 vols. PROPER NAMES. Menant, Paris, 1861, Svo. Accadian. Lenormant, Paris, 1875, Svo. Syriac. Joshua ben Ali, a physician, who lived about 885, made a Syro- Arabic lexicon, of which there is an MS. in the Vatican. Hoffmann printed this lexicon from Alif to Mim, from a Gotha MS., Kiel, 1874, 4to. Joshua bar Bahlul, living 963, wrote another, great part of which Castelli put into his lexicon. His MS. is now at Cam bridge, and, with those at Florence and Oxford, was used by Bern stein. Elias bar Shinaya, born 975, metropolitan of Nisibis, 1009, wrote a Syriac and Arabic lexicon, entitled Kitdb ut Tarjuman Ji Taalem Lor/hat es Suridn (Book called the Interpreter for teaching the Language of the Syrians), of which there is a MS. in the British Museum. It was translated into Latin by Thomas a Novaria, a. Minorite friar, edited by Germanus, and published at Rome by Obicinus, 1636, Svo. It is a classified vocabulary, divided in 30 chapters, each containing several sections. Crinesius, Wittebergie, 1612, 4to : Buxtorf, Basilese, 1622, 4to : Ferrarius, Romse, 1622, 4to: Trost, Cothenis Anhaltor. 1643, 4to : Gutbir, Hamburgi, 1667, Svo : Schaaf, Lugd. Bat. 1708, 4to : Zanolini, Patavii, 1742, 4to : Castellus, ed. Michrelis, Gottingen, 1788, 4to, 2 vols. : Bernstein, Berlin, 1857, &c. fol. : Smith (Root. Paine), Dean of Canterbury, Oxonii, 1868, &c. fol. ; fasc. 1-3 contain 538 pages : Zingerle, Romai, 1873, Svo, 148 pages. Arabic. The native lexicons are very many, voluminous, and copious. In the preface to his great Arabic-English lexicon, Lane describes 33, the most remarkable of which are the Eyn, so called from the letter which begins its alphabet, commonly ascribed to El Khaleel, (who died before A.n. 175 [A.D. 791], aged 74: the Si/iaJi of El Jowharee (died 398 [1003] ) : the Mohkam of Ibn Seedah the Andalusian, who was blind, and died A.H. 458 [A.D. 1066], aged about 60: the Asas of Ez Zamakhsharee (born 467 [1075], died 538 [1144]), &quot;a most excellent repertory of choice words and phrases &quot; : the Lisdn el Arab of Ibn Mukarram (born 630 [1232], died 711 [1311] ); Lane s copy is in 28 vols. 4to: the Kamoos (The Sea) of El Feroozabadee (born 729 [1328], died 816 [1413] ): the Taj el Aroos, by MurtadaEz Zebadee (born A.D. 1732, died 1791) the copy made for Lane is in 24 vols. thick 4to. The Sihah was printed Hardervici Getorum, 1774, 4to; Bulak, 1865, fol. 2 vols. : Kamoos, Calcutta, 1817, fol. 2 vols.; Bombay, 1855, fol. 920 pages : Sirr el Lagal, by Parish esh Shidiac, Tunis, fol. 609 pages: Muhcct al Muhect, by Beitrus Al Bustanee, Beyrout, 1867-70, 2 vols. 4to, 2358 pages (abridged as Katr Al Muheet, ib. 1867-69, 2 vols. 8vo, 2352 pages), is excellent for spoken Arabic. PERSIAN. The Soorah, by Jumal, Calcutta, 1812-15, 2 vols. 4to: Samachsharii Lexicon, ed. &quot;Wetzstein, Leipz. 1845, 4to; 1850: Muntakhal al Lnghat, Calcutta, 1808 ; ib. 1836 ; Lucknow, 1845 ; Bombay, 18C.1, Svo, 2 vols.: Muntaha FArabi, 4 vols. fol. 1840 : Shams al Loghat, Bombay, 1860, fol. 2 vols. 509 pages. TURKISH. Achteri Kabir, Constantinople, 1827, fol.: El Kamoos, ib. 1816, fol. 3 vols.; translated by Acan EfTendi, Boulac, 1835, fol. 3 vols.: El Sihah, translated by Al Vani, Constantinople, 1728, fol. 2 vola, ; 1755-56 ; Scutari, 1802, fol. 2 vols. LATIN. Raphelengius,