Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 7.djvu/159

  and Plymouth (Cann quarry), but none of them are so extensive or important as those at Delabole in Cornwall.  is worked at, whence it is largely exported, at , and at near. The Watcombe clay is of the finest quality, and is capable of retaining the most delicate form. China clay or, is found on the S. side of Dartmoor, at Lee Moor, and near. There is a very large deposit of , as yet little known, close to.

.—The climate varies greatly in different parts of the county but everywhere it is more humid than that of the eastern or south-eastern parts of England. Both Devon and Cornwall have a mean annual about 1°·5 above that of the midland counties ; but in the summer they are cooler than the whole range of country from the south coast to the 53° of. The air of the Dartmoor highlands is sharp and bracing. s are frequent, and often lies long. On the south coast frost is little known, and many half hardy plants, such as s, s, s, and s, live through the winter without protection. The climate of,, , and other watering places on this coast, is very equable, and the mean temperature of the winter months is about 47°. The N. coast, exposed to the storms and swell of the, is far more bracing&thinsp;; although there also, in the more sheltered nooks (as at ), s of great size and age flower freely, and produce their annual crop of berries.

.—While the eastern division of England, ranging from to and, is essentially a -growing country, the south-western is as specially the  or -land division. The total amount of land in Devonshire under crops in 1876 was 283,332 s, of which 112,652 were under, 152,370 under green crops, 189,761 under , , and es under rotation; and the permanent unbroken pasture (exclusive of the s) extended to 442,406 s. Of s used solely for agricultural purposes, the number returned in 1876 was 51,753&thinsp;; of , 217,111&thinsp;; of , 943,542&thinsp;, of s, 90,773. These numbers, as compared with those of former years, show a steady progress, and an annual increase in the extent of permanent pasture. In the small farms on Dartmoor and along its borders crops are very uncertain, and on Dartmoor itself even  do not ripen in unfavourable seasons. The root and other crops obtained on the land attached to the convict prison are due to the amount of manual labour expended on them, which in ordinary cases would be altogether without profit. Devonshire is one of the -producing counties of England, soil and climate being favourable to the growth and bearing of the. The age of Devonshire s in 1876 was 24,097. The two other principal cider counties had respectively&mdash;, 24,616 s planted with fruit trees (apples and ), and, 21,029.

As respects the ownership of the land, according to the Owners of Land Return for 1873, the county was divided among 31,809 proprietors, whose aggregate estimated rental amounted to 2,881,665. Of that number 21,647 or 68 per cent. owned less than 1 acre&mdash;the proportion of small proprietors in all England being 71 percent.&thinsp;; and the rental per acre averaged 1, 18. 0, as against 3, 0. 2. in all. Nearly one fifth of the land was owned by 15 proprietors:&mdash;To the belonged 48,457 acres&thinsp;; Hon. Mark Rolle,,, 45,088&thinsp;; , 22,607&thinsp;; , Castle, 20,588&thinsp;; , , 20,171&thinsp;; , , 17,047&thinsp;; F. W. Knight, , 16,903&thinsp;; ,  House, 16,414&thinsp;; Sir George Stucley, Bart., Hartland Abbey, 15,144&thinsp;; Sir T. D. Acland, Bart., , 15,018&thinsp;; , Heanton Satchville, 14,431&thinsp;; Sir Massey Lopes, Bart., , 11,977&thinsp;; M. Preston, , 11,280&thinsp;; Sir W. P. Carew, Bart., Newton Abbot, 10,889&thinsp;; and Sir Lawrence Palk, Bart., Haldon House, 10,109.

.—Devonshire has few s, and no very important. There is a considerable at, manufacturing white, printed, and painted ware&thinsp;; and another at, where the productions are finer and more artistic. s and s are made at and at, and the factories employ many hands. At there is an extensive -making factory. The manufacture of lace, made by hand on the pillow, is now confined to  and some other villages on the S.E. coast. s and s, chiefly for export, are made at. The greatest industrial works in the county however, are the vast establishments at  and &mdash;the victualling yard, and the. The in Dartmoor may also be regarded as an industrial establishment. They were built for prisoners in 1809, and in 1850 were adapted for receiving s. Since that year more than 100 s round the prisons have been brought into cultivation under convict labour&thinsp;; and 1000 s more were added to the prison lands in 1871. In addition to the old buildings, a large prison, arranged on the latest principles, was erected in 1872.

The of Devonshire are in no way so important as those of. About 200 s belong to the port of, the head quarters of the fisheries of Tor Bay. s and visit the coasts in their seasons, but not in the vast s known farther west. It may be said that trawling is the main feature of the Devonshire fishery whilst and  characterize that of Cornwall.

.—The inhabiting this western portion of the island are called Dumnonii by &thinsp;; and Dumnonia, or Dammonia, the ized name of a kingdom which long remained independent after the arrival and early conquests of the, seems to be identical with the Dyfnaint, which survives in the present Devon. The settlers, as they advanced into the country, called themselves Defenas, i.e., men of Devon or Dyfnaint, thus adopting the British name, and indicating the broad difference between their settlements in such a district as Devon, where British influence so long survived, and where they came as, and those in southern or eastern England, where the Britons were either expelled or exterminated. In Devonshire the Christian Britons became subjects of the Christian Saxons. &ldquo;&thinsp;The Celtic element can be traced from the shire, the last frontier, to the extremities of Cornwall, of course increasing in amount as we reach the lands which were more recently conquered, and therefore less perfectly. Devonshire is less Celtic than Cornwall, and Somersetshire is less Celtic than Devonshire&thinsp;; but not one of the three counties can be called a pure Teutonicland, like or &rdquo; (E. A. Freeman). Celtic names are accordingly found in various parts of Devonshire, and especially on Dartmoor, side by side with those which are truly Saxon. For some time after the landing of and the, the western counties remained undisturbed. In the spring of 1068 Exeter was besieged and taken by, who built a there, which was besieged in 1137 by  for three months. In 1469 Exeter, which was, was besieged for twelve days by the , but held out successfully&thinsp;; and in 1497 the city was again besieged by. A more