Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 7.djvu/150

Rh Detroit was settled by the French early in the 18th century, and passed into the hands of the English in 1763. It was then besieged for eleven months by the Indian chief, Pontiac. Ceded to the Americans in 1783, it was not occupied by them till 1796. It was incorporated as a city in 1824, and was the capital of Michigan from 1837 to 1847, when that honour was transferred to Lansing.

 DEUCALION, in Greek legend, corresponds to the Biblical Noah. A great flood had destroyed the whole race of men except Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha, who saved themselves in a boat or ark, from which they landed on Mount Othrys, or, as it was afterwards said, on Mount Parnassus. They were then commanded by Zeus to cast behind them the bones of their mother, i.e., the stones of the hill side, and from the stones thrown by Deucalion sprang men, from those thrown by Pyrrha, women. Hence men were called Xaot, &quot; stone race.&quot; Deucalion s son Hellen was the founder of the race of Hellenes. The chief locality of this legend was Thessaly ; it existed also at Dodona, where Deucalion was thought to have introduced the worship of Zeus.

 DEUTERONOMY. See.

 DEUTSCH, EMANUEL OSCAR MENAHEM (1829-1873), an eminent Oriental scholar, was born on the 28th of October 1829, at Neisse, a town in Prussian Silesia. He was of Jewish extraction ; and the family had been settled in his native place for several generations. When six years old, Emanuel began to attend the gymnasium of Neisse, and continued a pupil for two years ; after which, in compliance with the earnest wish of his uncle, David Deutsch of Mislowitz, the charge of the boy s education was transferred to him. Rabbi Deutsch was a first-rate scholar, deeply learned in the Talmud, with stern ideas of duty, as we may infer from the fact that he made his nephew rise the whole ysar round at 5 o clock, study for the first two hours, and then spend an hour in prayer, before allowing him to taste food or light a fire. The rest of the day, with the exception of half an hour for exercise and recreation, was devoted to hard study. This dull routine, which proved at once the foundation of his accurate scholarship and of his ill-health, continued till Emanuel was thirteen years old, when he returned to Neisse, to solemnize his religious majority (Bar-mitzva). He proceeded once more to the gymnasium, where he enrolled in the highest class. On reaching his sixteenth year he began his studies in Berlin University, paying special attention to theology and the Talmud. Indeed the Talmud was seldom absent from his thoughts ; and, after his death, a great accumulation of papers was found, con taining parts of it, copied or translated, beginning in a child s hand-writing, and reaching down to a comparatively late period. Deutsch supported himself by teaching, and, about two years after going to Berlin, wrote some stories and poems on Jewish subjects for magazines. He also mastered the English language and studied English literature. In 1855 Deutsch was offered an appointmentas assistant in the library of the British Museum, which he gladly accepted. &quot; For nigh twenty years,&quot; he says, &quot; it was my privilege to dwell in the very midst of that pantheon called the British Museum, the treasures whereof, be they Egyptian, Home ric, palimpsest, or Babylonian cuneiforms, the mutilated glories of the Parthenon, or the Etruscan mysterious grotesqueness, were all at my beck and call, all days, all hours.&quot; He worked intensely, always aiming at a book on the Talmud as his master-piece, and contributed no less than 190 papers to Chambers s Encyclopaedia, in addition to essays in Kitto s and Smith s Biblical Dictionaries, and articles in periodicals. In October 1867 his article on &quot;The Talmud,&quot; published in the Quarterly Review, at once made him famous. It was translated, within twelve months, into French, German, Russian, Swedish, Dutch, and Danish. He was passionately desirous of travelling in the East ; and, having obtained leave of absence for ten weeks, he left England on the 7th of March 1869. The rapidity and fatigue of the journey permanently injured his health ; but he thoroughly enjoyed his visit to Palestine, where his intense patriotism and finely-strung poetical nature found much food for reflection. Never, to the end of his life, did he mention his visit to the Wailing Place of the Jews in Jerusalem without profound emotion. He reached England on the 10th of May, submitted a valuable report of his travels to the trustees of the British Museum, and delivered a number of lectures, chiefly on Phoenicia. His article on &quot; Islam&quot; appeared in the Quarterly Revieiv for October 1869; and, at the same time, overwork, the con sciousness of approaching ill-health, and the death of attached friends brought on terrible depression. Broken health continued to drag him down ; and, in the autumn of 1872, his old longing for the East returned so powerfully upon him that, after obtaining six months leave, he left for Italy and Egypt. There a cold moist winter told severely on his health. On the 30th of March 1873, he reached Cairo, and was ultimately removed to Alexandria, where, becoming rapidly worse, he died on the 12th of May. He was buried next day in the Jewish cemetery in Alexandria, where a granite stone marks his resting- place. Deutsch was one of the hardest workers of the century, and added to his own special studies of Sanskrit, Chaldaic, Aramaic, and Phoenician, a remarkable acquaint ance with English literature. His Literary Remains, edited by Lady Strangford, were published in 1874, consisting of nineteen papers on such subjects as &quot; The Talmud,&quot; &quot;Islam,&quot; &quot;Semitic Culture,&quot; &quot;Egypt, Ancient and Modern,&quot; &quot;Semitic Languages,&quot; &quot;The Targums,&quot; &quot;The Samaritan Pentateuch,&quot; and &quot; Arabic Poetry.&quot;

 DEUTSCHKRONE,, or , a town of Prussia, at the head of a district in the government of Marienwerder, situated between the two lakes of Arens and Radau, about 15 miles north-west of Schneidemiihl, a railway junction 60 miles north of Posen. Besides being the seat of the public offices for the district, it possesses a Jewish synagogue, and a progymnasium established in the old Jesuit College ; and it manufactures woollens, tiles, brandy, and beer. Population in 1871, 6146.

 DEUTZ (Latin, Tuitium), an old town of Rhenish Prussia, on the right bank of the Rhine, opposite to Cologne, with which it is connected by two bridges. It contains the church of St Heribert, built in the 17th century, a Protestant church, cavalry barracks, artillery magazines, and gas, porcelain, machine, and carriage factories. The fortifications of the town form part of the defences of Cologne. The population in 1875 was 14,513. To the east of Deutz is the manufacturing suburb of Kalk, with about 8,500 inhabitants. The old castle in Deutz was in 1002 made a Benedictine monastery by Heribert, archbishop of Cologne. Permission to fortify tke town was in 1230 granted to the citizens by the archbishop of Cologne, between whom and the counts of Berg it was in 1240 divided. It was burnt in 1376, 1445, and 1583 ; and in 1678, after the peace of Nimeguen, the fortifications were demolished. They were rebuilt in 1816. See COLOGNE.

 DEUX PONTS, in German Zweibrücken, and in Latin Bipontium, a town of Bavaria, in the Palatinate, 50 miles west of Spires, on the Erbach, which ultimately finds its way to the Moselle. Besides a court of appeal for the Palatinate, a penitentiary, and various administrative offices, it possesses a public library, a gymnasium, and a synagogue. Its most important buildings are the old ducal palace, greatly damaged by the French in the 18th century,