Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 6.djvu/859

Rh archbishop took Darboy with him to Home and presented him to the Pope, who gave him the rank of protonotary apostolic. In 1855 he became titular vicar-general of Paris, and inspector of religious instruction in the various schools of the diocese. He was appointed bishop of Nancy in 1859, and in January 1863 he was raised to the arch bishopric of Paris. The favour of the court was indicated by his appointment to the post of grand almoner to the emperor in 1866, and to that of grand officer to the Legion of Honour in 1868. The archbishop was a strenuous upholder of episcopal independence in the Gallican sense, and involved himself in a controversy with Rome by his endeavours to suppress the jurisdiction of the Jesuits and other religious orders within his diocese. At the Vatican Council he vigorously maintained the rights of the bishops, and offered a decided opposition to the infallibility dogma, against which he voted as inopportune. When the dogma had been finally adopted, however, he was one of the first to set the example of submission. Immediately after his return to Paris the war with Prussia broke out, and his conduct during the disastrous year that followed Vas marked by a devoted heroism which has secured for him an enduring fame. He was active in organizing relief for the wounded at the commencement of the war, remained bravely at his post during the seige, and refused to seek safety by flight during the brief triumph of the commune. On the 4th April 1871 he was arrested by the communists as a hostage, and confined in the prison at Mazas, from which he was transferred to La Roquette on the advance of the army of Versailles. On the 27th May he was shot within the prison along with several other distinguished hostages. He died in the attitude of blessing and uttering words of forgiveness. His body was recovered with difficulty, and having been embalmed was buried with imposing ceremony at the public expense on the 7th June. It is a noteworthy fact that Darboy was the third arch bishop of Paris who perished by violence in the period between 1848 and 1871. Darboy was the author of a number of works, of which the most important are a Vie de St Thomas Becket (1859), a translation of the works of St Denis the Areopagite, and a translation of the Imitation of Christ.  DARDANELLES, the ancient Hellespont, and in Turkish Bahr-Sefed Boghasi, the strait uniting the Sea of Marmora with the ^Egean, so called from the two castles by which the narrowest part is protected, and which pre- erve the name of the city of Dardanus in the Troad, famous for the treaty between Sulla and Mithridates in Its shores are formed by the peninsula of Gallipoli on the N.W. and by the mainland of Asia Minor on the S.E. ; and it extends for a distance of about 47 miles with an average breadth of 3 or 4 miles. At the ^Egean ex tremity stand the castles of Sedil Bahr and Kum Kaleh, the former in Europe and the latter in Asia ; and near the Marmora extremity are situated the important town of Gallipoli (Kallipolis) on the northern side, and the less im portant though equally famous Lamsaki, or Lampsacus, on the southern. The two castles of the Dardanelles par ex cellence are Chanak-Kalesi, Sultanieh-Kalesi, or the Old Castle of Anatolia, and Kilid-Bahr, or the Old Castle of Rumelia, which were long but erroneously identified with Sestos and Abydos, now located farther to the north. The strait of the Dardanelles is famous in history for the pas sage of Xerxes by means of a bridge of boats, and for the similar exploit on the part of Alexander. Nor is its name less widely known from the story of Hero and Leander, and from Lord Byron s successful attempt to rival the ancient swimmer. The passage of the strait is easily defended, but in 1807 the English Admiral Duckworth made his way past all the fortresses into the Sea of Marmora. In terms of the treaty of July 1841, confirmed by the Paris peace of 1856, no foreign ship of war may enter the strait except by Turkish permission, and even merchant vessels are only allowed to pass the castle of Chanak-Kalesi during the day. For details regarding the currents of the Dardanelles, see, ..  DARDANUS, in Greek mythology, is said to have crossed over from Samothrace to the Troad by swimming on an inflated skin, and to have there founded the kingdom of Dardania previous to the existence of Troy. Apparently this was invented to account for the existence in the Troad of a worship of the Cabiri similar to that of Samothrace. Dardauus is called a son of Zeus and the Pleiad Electra, and in the Iliad (xx. 304) Zeus is said to have loved him more than his other sons.  DARES, a Trojan priest of Hephaestus, who lived at the time of the Trojan war, and to whom was attributed an ancient account of that war which was extant in the time of yElian. A work in Latin, purporting to be a translation of this account, and entitled Daretis Phrygii de Excidio Troja3 Historia, was much read in the Middle Ages, and was then ascribed to Cornelius Nepos ; but the language is extremely corrupt, and it belongs to a period much later than the time of Nepos. It is commonly published together with the work of Dictys Cretensis. See the edi tion (which has an essay upon Dares) by A. Dederich, who is inclined to ascribe the work to a Roman of the 5th, Gth, or 7th century (Bonn, 1837).  DARFUR, or, i.e., the land of the Fur or For, a country of the Soudan in Africa, formerly an independent kingdom, but in 1874 conquered and incorporated by Egypt. It extends from 9 to 16 N. lat., and from 22 30 to 28 30 E. long., thus including an area of about 105,000 square miles, with a population roughly estimated at four millions. On the W. it would be conterminous with Wadai were it not for a strip of independent territory ; on the N. it passes off into the desert of Sahara ; on the E. it is separated from Kordofan by a barren steppe ; and on the S. it is bounded by Darfertit and several petty states. The centre of the country is occupied by the Marra Mouu tains, which lift their granite peaks to a height of 3500 or 4000 feet, and extend about 180 miles from north to south, with an average breadth of 70 miles. The northern portion of the range is also known as the Kerakeri Moun tains, on account of the huge boulders with which their flanks are strewn ; the southern portion turns to the west and takes the name of Jebel Zerlai. On all sides this mountain-mass is channelled by numerous wadis, which for the most part dry up in the hot season, but in many cases measure from 200 to 300 paces in breadth. Of these the most important (as the Sunot, and the Azura, with their numerous affluents) have a south-west direction, and ultimately contribute their waters to the Bahar-es-Salamat, which passes westward through Wadai. Some of those that rise in the eastern slopes seem to find their way to the Bahr-el-Arab ; but the greater number are absorbed or stop short in their course. The climate, except in the south, where the rains are unusually heavy and the soil is a damp clay, is regarded as healthy. The rainy season lasts for three mouths, from the middle of June to the middle of September. In the neighbourhood of the wadis the vegetation is fairly rich, but elsewhere it is rather scant and steppe-like. The prevailing trees are the acacias more particularly the hazara and the Acacia nilotica the kachub, the sayal, the kittir, the hommed, the jakjak, and the makhit ; while the sycamore, the ochar, the hadjlidj, and, in the Marra Mountains, the Eiiphorlia candelabrum are also to be found. In the highlands the culture of wheat, elsewhere so rare in Central Africa, is pretty extensive ; but doukhu 