Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 6.djvu/730

696   CULLERA, a walled seaport-town situated on the left bank of the River Jucar, near its mouth, in the province and 20 miles south of the capital of Valencia. It stand on the southern slope of the hill called Zorras, which terminates in Cape Cullera, on the outskirts of a fine agricultural district noted for its rice, and carries on a considerable coasting trade with France and the Mediter ranean. Its streets are irregularly built, but clean, and there are three small plazas. An old castle, extensive barracks, churches, convents, and a hospital are its chief buildings. Agriculture and fishing are the chief industries. Population about 8000.  CULLODEN, a desolate tract of moorland, otherwise known as Drummossie, aboiit five and a half miles E. of Inverness in Scotland, celebrated as the scene of the battle of April 16, 1746, by which the fate of the house of Stuart was decided. A mile to the north is Culloden House, which at the time of the rebellion belonged to Duncan Forbes, the president of the Court of Session, and has since furnished the historical student with a valuable collection known as the Culloden Papers, ranging from 1625 to 1748. Discovered in 1812, they were published in 1815 by Duncan George Forbes, at that time the representative of the Culloden family.  CUMÆ,, or in Greek [ Greek text ], the oldest and one of the most important of the Greek colonies in Italy, was situated on the shore of Campania, between the lakes Acherusia and Liternus, and about six miles north of Baise. The most generally received opinion is, that Cumae was founded by a joint colony, partly from the ^Eolian Cumae or Cyme and partly from Chalcis in Eubcea, who agreed that they should call the city by the name of one of the parent states, while it should take rank as a colony of the other. The date of its foundation is unknown ; but it is certain that Cumse had attained a high degree of prosperity while Rome was still struggling into existence. In the 8th century B.C. it had extended its power on every side into Campania ; and, like Sybaris and Crotona, had begun to plant flourishing colonies, and establish itself besides as a maritime power. Of its colonies the most prosperous was NeapoKs, destined to survive as the modern Naples ; and among its maritime stations were the harbours of Dicsearchia (Puteoli) and Misenum. The first event which led to the decline of Cumae was the establishment of the supremacy of the Etruscans by sea ; but a severer blow still was the invasion of Campania by that people and their allies about the year 522 B.C. This attack was re pelled, though at a great loss to the Cumteans, chiefly by the ability of Aristodemus, who overthrew the existing government, and established a tyranny, which endured for twenty years. At the end of that period he was driven out of the city by the nobles, who had once more become powerful. Twenty -two years later the Cumaeans, unable any longer of themselves to resist the growing power of the Tuscans, called in the aid of Hero of Syracuse, and with his assistance defeated their opponents. In 520 B.C. the Samnites, a more formidable foe, made themselves masters of Cumae, put the male citizens to the sword, and established a colony of their own in the city. Admitted to the Roman franchise in 338 B.C. Cumae ever after continued faithful to its alliance with Rome ; and in the second Punic war, though by that time it had greatly declined, it held out against Hannibal. In the later ages of the republic it attained a kind of reflected prosperity from the neighbourhood of Baiee, and other favourite retreats of the Roman nobility ; but it is mentioned as &quot; Vacuaa Cumee,&quot; &quot; Quieta Cuma,&quot; with reference to its half-deserted appearance. In the wars of the Goths and Romans, Cumae once more became for a short time important, as the last stronghold of the Gothic kings in Italy. In 552 it surrendered to the victori ous arms of Narses ; in the 9th century it was burned by the Saracens ; and in the 13th, having become a rendezvous for robbers and pirates, it was destroyed by the people of Naples. Some remains of Cumse are still to be seen. Of these the principal are a ruinous amphitheatre, a brick arch, supposed to be one of the old gates of the city, and several temples named respectively after Apollo, Diana, ths Giants, and Serapis. Bronze statues and vases have at different times been dug up. Not the least interesting spot at Cuma3 was a great cavern in the rock on which the citadel stood, regarded by the Cumaeans as the place whence the Sibyl propounded her enigmas. This cavern existed unimpaired till the time of Narses, who availed himself of it to undermine the walls of the town ; and the remains are still pointed out to the traveller.  CUMANA, a city of Venezuela, capital of a province of the same name, stands on the Gulf of Cariaco, at the mouth of the Manzanares, 180 miles east of Caracas. It is the oldest European city in South America, having been founded by Diego Castellon in 1523. It was almost totally destroyed by the terrible earthquake of 1766, and has since repeatedly suffered from earthquakes. The houses are generally low and flat, and have a poor appearance ; but the style of building has recently been much improved. Cumana possesses a capacious roadstead, and presents great facilities for obtaining provisions. The principal trade is in cattle, smoked meat, dried fish, coffee, cotton, sugar, tobacco, salt, and etroleum. Population (1873), 9427.   CUMBERLAND, a county of England, at its north-west extremity, situated between 54&quot; 6 and 55 7/ N. lat. and 2 13 and 3 30 W. long., and bounded on the N. by the Solway Firth and Scotland, on the E. by Northumberland and Durham, on the S. by Westmoreland and North Lancashire, and on the W. for about 70 miles by the Irish Sea. It is at a medium about 50 miles long and 30 miles broad, within a bounding line of 215 miles, of which 75 are sea coast ; and it contains an area of 1516 square miles, cr 970,161 acres, of which the mountainous district comprises more than a third, and the lakes and waters 8000 acres, the remainder consisting of inclosed and cultivated land with a few commons still uniuclosed, but capable of great improvement. The principal divisions are locally termed &quot;wards.&quot; These wards are five in number, viz., Cumberland ward, Eskdale, Leath, Alleidale-above- Derwent, and Allerdale-below-Denvent. The ward of Allerdale-above-Derwent was foimerly included in the diocese of Chester ; but since 1856 it has been joined to the rest of the county for ecclesiastical purposes, and all the county is now in the diocese of Carlisle, with the exception of the parish of Alston, in the extreme east, which belongs to the diocese of Durham. The county is embraced in tho northern circuit, the assizes being held at Carlisle, and there is a court of quarter sessions. Cumberland contains the city of Carlisle, 19 market-towns, and 112 parishes. The population in 1871 was found to be 220,253 (males, 109,079 ; females, 111,174), having increased during the preceding ten years to the extent of 14,969 souls, or 7 2 3er cent. The number of inhabitants to a square mile is exceptionally small, being 145, while that of all England s 389/. Cumberland presents every variety of surface. The south-western district is generally mountainous, rugged, and sterile, yet contains several rich though narrow valleys, with numerous fine lakes, islands, rivers, cascades, and 