Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 6.djvu/723

Rh later it was recaptured by Sir Eyre Coote. In 1782, after the destruction of Colonel Braithwaite s detachment by Tippoo, it was forced to surrender to the combined forces of the French and Hyder Ali, when the works were greatly strengthened, and a strong garrison sent to defend them. In 1783 it was besieged by the British, who were repulsed, with the loss of 942 killed and wounded, in a desperate attempt to storm the works. It finally passed into British possession by the treaty of 1795. Population in 1871, 40,290.  CUDDAPAH, or, a district of British India in the presidency of Fort St George or Madras, situated between 13 12 and 16 19 N. lat. and 77 52 and 79 48 E. long. It is bounded on the N. by Karnaul, on the E. by Nellor, on the S. by North Arcot and Mysore ; and on the E. by Ballari The district is in shape an irregular parallelogram, divided into two nearly equal parts by the range of the Eastern Ghats which intersects it throughout its entire length. The two tracts thus formed possess totally different features. The first, which constitutes the north, east, and south-east of the district is a low-lying plain ; while the other, which comprises the southern and south-western portion, forms a high table-land from 1500 to 2500 feet above sea-level. The chief river is the Penaur, which enters the district from Ballari on the west, and flows eastwards into Nellor. Though a large and broad river, and in the rains containing a great volume of water, in the hot weather months it dwindles down to a very inconsiderable stream. Its principal tributaries are the Kundaur, Saglair, Cheyair, and Papagni rivers. The total area of the district is 8367 square miles, of which 2728 were returned as under cultivation in 1874-75. Cuddapah is subdivided into eleven taluks or sub-districts, and contains 1062 villages. The population in 1872 was returned as follows : Hindus, 1,242,317; Mahometans, 103,076; Native Christians, 4068 ; Europeans and Eurasians, 202 ; Buddhists, 4 ; others, 387 ; total, 1,351,194. The principal town and the administrative head-quarters of the district is Cuddapah, situated on the banks of the Boga Puver in 14 32 N. lat. and 78 54 E. long. Population Hindus, 10,611 ; Ma hometans, 5338 ; Christians, 222 ; others, 104 ; total, 16,275. The total revenue of Cuddapah district in 1874-75 amounted to 245,222, of which 200,987 was derived from the land assessment.  CUDWORTH, (1617-1688), the most learned and philosophical of the Cambridge Platonists, was born at Aller, Somersetshire, in 1617. His father, rector of Aller, and an editor of Perkins s works, died in 1624. His widow married a second time Dr Stoughton, under whose care young Cudvvorth was well grounded in school learning, In 1630 he was entered a pensioner in Emmanuel College, Cambridge, of which his father had been a fellow. He commenced residence in 1632, took the degree of M.A. in 1 639, was soon after chosen fellow, and became so eminent as a tutor as to have at one time twenty-eight pup ; ls. He was next presented to the rectory of North Cadbury in his native county, and in 1642 he published a Discourse concerning the true Notion of the Lord s Supper, and a treatise entitled, The Union of Christ and the Church, in a Shadow. In 1644 he took the degree of B.D., and in the same year was chosen master of Clare Hall. In the following year he was appointed professor of Hebrew, and for some time devoted himself with special zeal to the study of Jewish antiquities. Two years after (March 31, 1647) he preached before the House of Commons on 1 John ii. 3, 4, and his discourse on this occasion was published along with another sermon following out the theme. For some time it appeared as if the insufficiency of his income would force him to leave Cambridge, but this loss to the university was averted by his appointment to the mastership of Christ s College in 1654. He was one of the persons named by a committee of Parliament in 1657 for the revision of the English translation of the Bible. Through his intimacy with Thurloe, the secretary of state for Cromwell and his son Richard, he was con fidentially consulted on various occasions by the Protectors in regard to university and Government appointments. In 1659 we find him engaged with discourses in defence of Christianity against Judaism. Like so many others, he published Latin verses on the restoration of King Charles II. in 1660. He was presented to the rectory of Ashwell in Herefordshire in 1662, and installed prebendary of Gloucester in 1678. He had a design in 16G5 to publish a treatise concerning moral good and evil, and as he had been encouraged to do so by Dr Henry More, the lattei s Enchiridion Ethicum appears to have almost occasioned a rupture of friendly relations between them. Cudwoith s magnum opus, the True Intellectual System of the Universe, wherein all the Reason and Philosophy of Atheism is refuted, and its Impossibility demonstrated, appeared in 1678. This marvellously learned work, bulky as it is, is merely a fragment, the first of three parts, the Treatise on Eternal and Immutable Morality, published in 1731 by Bishop Chandler, and a Discourse on Liberty and Necessity, belong ing to tho same whole. Its publication had been delayed for seven years, owing to the opposition of some parties at court, probably admirers of Hobbes. It was flatteringly received in the learned world, but offended the narrowly orthodox as well as the sceptics against whom it was. written. Some persons were even so thoughtless or malicious as to construe the candour with which its author stated the arguments of atheists as a device to lead his readers to believe that the atheist had the best of the reasoning. If Warburton may be credited, misrepresenta tions of this kind deterred Cud worth, a peaceable man, averse to theological polemics, from publishing the rest of his work. He died at Cambridge on the 26th of Junt 1688, and was buried in the chapel of Christ s College. He left behind him a daughter, Damaris, a lady of considerable genius, known, under the name of Lady Masham, as the intimate and valued friend of John Locke. Several of Cudworth s MSS. are preserved in the British Museum. It is not to the national credit that, with the exception of A Treatise of Freetvill, edited by the Bev. Mr Allen in 1838, they have not only not been published, but no adequate account or summary has been given of them. The True Intellectual System, to justify its general title and fulfil its author s plan, should have contained two other parts, each on the same scale as the part which we possess. There appeared to Cudworth to be three systems which deny liberty and involve necessity, three sorts of fatalism. The first is materialistic fatalism, which suppresses with the idea of liberty every idea of God and spirit, and- explains all phenomena, even those of thought and feeling, by mechanical laws, and the formation of all beings by the combination and concourse of atoms ; the second is a theological or religious fatalism, advocated by various scholastic and later divines, which makes good and evil, right and wrong, the creation of the will of Gcd, and thus destroys liberty by destroying its condition and its law ; and the third is Stoical fatalism, which, although no/ denying the Divine existence or the rectitude of the Divine nature, affirms that all that happens is determined by an eternal and unchangeable necessity. These are the three chief false systems of the universe, according to Cudworth,. and he would oppose to them three great principles, tha fundamentals or essentials of religion to the first the existence of God and of a spiritual world ; to the second the eternal and immutable distinction of right and wrong; 