Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 6.djvu/701

Rh CRUVEILHIER, (1791-1874), a French anatomist, was born at Limoges. Having been educated at the university of Paris, where he received his doctor s degree in 1816, he practised for some years in his native town, at Paris, and at Montpellier. In 1825 he became professor of anatomy in the university of Paris, and ten years later he was the first occupant of the recently founded chair of pathological anatomy. He .was also created Commander of the Legion of Honour.

1em  CRUZ, (1542-1591, a Spanish mystic, whose family namo was Yepes, was born at Ontiveros, in Old Castile. He took the vows at twenty-one, and soon became the faithful and ardent follower of Santa Teresa in her plans for the reform of the Carmelite order, to which he belonged. His zeal drew upon him the wrath of his brethren, through whoso influence he was imprisoned for nine months. His release was procured by Santa Teresa, under whom he worked with fervent devotion for many years ; but in 1591, having ventured to oppose his superiors, he was sent to a monastery in the Sierra Morena. His health, however, gave way, and he was allowed to change his residence to the monastery of Ubeda, where he died in 1591. In 1675 he was beatified, and in 1726 he was canonized. The poems and prose works of San Juan de la Cruz, which are chiefly devotional and never secular, though rhapsodical and mystical and often obscure, are distin guished by much passionate eloquence and beauty of diction.

1em  CRUZ,, Spanish dramatist, was born at Madrid in 1731. Nothing is knowu of his life, save that he was an employe&quot; in the ministry of finance, that he was a member of the Academy of Seville and of the Roman &quot; Arcadians,&quot; and that between 1786 and 1791 he pub lished some ten volumes of plays. Among his 300 pieces he is remembered only by his sainetes, little farcical sketches of city life, written to be played between the acts of a greater play, or as afterpieces.

1em  CRYOLITE, so named from Kpvos, ice, and X$os, stone, on account of its ready fusibility, is a massive, usually granular or indistinctly crystalline, cleavable, translucent to transparent, brittle mineral, of a snow-white (sometimes reddish or brownish) colour, vitreous lustre, hardness 2 - 5, and specific gravity 2 9-3 - 077. Its transparency is increased by immersion in water. Before the blowpipe it fuses easily to an opaque white enamel. It is a double fluoride of aluminium and sodium, with the percentage composition aluminium 13, sodium 32 8, fluorine 54 2, answering to the formula Al 2 F ,6iSraF. Cryolite is used in the manufacture of soa-p, soda, aluminium sulphate, alum, and cryolite glass ; and, till superseded by bauxite, was the chief source of aluminium. That metal was first obtained from it, early in 1855, by Allan Dick, who fused the mineral with alternate layers of small pieces of sodium in a magnesia-lined crucible. Rose, in September of the same year, published a method of producing aluminium by heat ing together cryolite, potassium chloride, and sodium. According to M. Gauduin a mixture of equal parts of cryolite and barium chloride forms a flux superior to borax for soldering iron, or brazing copper, brass, and bronze. Cryolite was discovered and named by Abildgaard about the year 1800, and was subsequently described by D Andrada and Karsten, and accurately analyzed by Klapruth. Giesecke in 1822 first made known its occur rence at Ivigtot, _ in the colony of Frederikshaab, South Greenland. It is found there associated with galena, pyrites, and chalybite, and forms a vein 80 feet in thick ness. At Miask in the Urals it occurs with chiolite, lepidolite, and fluor. In 1875 thirty-three cargoes of the mineral, representing a total of 5076 cubic yards, were shipped from the mine at Ivigtot, where the number of labourers employed during the summer was 136. The tax on the mine yielded to the revenue of Greenland in twenty years, or from 1853 to 1874, the sum of 46,402.  CRYPT (Latin, crypta, from the Greek [ Greek text ], I hide), a vault or subterranean chamber, especially under churches. In classical phraseology &quot; crypta &quot; was employed for any vaulted building, either paitially or entirely below the level of the ground. It is used for a sewer (crypta Svlurce, Juvenal, Sat. v. 1 06) ; for the &quot; carceres,&quot; or vaulted stalls for the horses and chariots in a circus (Sidon. Apoll., Cairn. xxiii. 319) ; for the close porticoes or arcades, more fully known as &quot;cryptoporticus,&quot; attached by the Romans to their suburban villas for the eake of coolness, and to the theatres as places of exercise or veLearsal for the perfoimers (Plin., Epist. ii. 15, v. 6, vii. 21 ; Sueton., Calig. 58 ; Sidon. Apoll., lib. ii. epist. 2) ; and for underground receptacles for agri cultural produce (Vitruv. vi. 8, Varro de re Rust. i. 57). Tunnels, or galleries excavated in the living rock, were also called cryptce. Thus the tunnel to the north of Naples, through which the read passes to Puteoli, familiar to tourists as the &quot; Grotto of Posilipo, &quot; was originally designated crypta Neapolitana (Seneca, Epist. 57). In early Christian times crypta was appropriately employed for the galleries of a catacomb, or for the catacomb itself. Jercme calls them by this name when describing his visits to them as a schoolboy, and the term is used by Prudentius. A crypt, as a portion of a church, had its origin in the subterranean chapels known as &quot; confessiones,&quot; erected around the tomb of a martyr, or the place of his martyrckm. This is the origin of the spacious crypts, some of which iray be called subterranean churches, of theRc man churches of St Prisca, St Prassede, St Martino ai Monti, St Lorenzo fuori le Mura, and above all of St Peter s, the crypt beirg thus the germ of the church or basilica subsequently erected atcve the hallowed spot. When the martyr s tomb was sunk in tie surface of the ground, and not placed in a catacomb cfcapel, the original memorial-shrine would be only partially belcw the surface, and consequently the part of the church erected over it, which was always that containing the altar, would be elevatedsome height above the ground, and Le approached by flights of steps. This fashion of raising the charicel cr altar end of a church on a crypt was widely imitated Icrg after the reason for adopting it ceased, and even where it never existed. The crypt under the altar at the basilica cf St Maria Maggiore in Rome is merely imitative, and the same may be said of many of the crypts of our early churches in England. The original Saxon cathedral of Canterbury had a crypt beneath the eastern apse, containing the so-called body of St Dunstan, and other relics, &quot; fabri cated,&quot; according to Eadmer, &quot; in the likeness of the confes- sionary of St Peter at Rome &quot;. St Wilfrid con structed crypts still existing beneath the churches erected by him at the latter part of the 7th century at Hexham 