Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 6.djvu/644

Rh ground. Roquet this ball and take off to the second hoop. Use the ball placed there to make that hoop ; then roquet it after running the hoop and send it to the hoop three to peg, going to the middle of the ground with the striker s ball. Take off to the third hoop, make it with the ball placed there to help, and then send it to the hoop oue to peg, going with the striker s ball to the one in the middle of the ground. Then rush it to hoop two to peg, and take off to the hoop three to peg, or failing a rush, roll or split it to two to peg, and the striker s ball to three to peg. Make that hoop, and split, roll, or rush the ball placed there to help to hoop second back, going to ball placed near hoop two to peg. By julicious repetition of these or similar tactics there is no limit to the number of points that can be made. The practice should be continued until, on good ground, with 4-inch hoops and three balls to help, the break of fourteen points becomes a feat easy of accomplishment. In order to become an adept at the game, judgment must be added to mere execution. Judgment cannot be taught in writing, further than by laying down certain principles of play. They are briefly as under:—

1em 1em 1em 1em 1em 1em 1em 1em 1em 1em 1em 1em 1em 1em 1em 1em  CROSS (Latin, crux; Greek, [ Greek text ]). In its simplest aspect, a figure produced by the intersection of two linns at right angles, the cross in its primary signification is understood to denote an instrument for inflicting capital punishment, or a gibbet formed of two pieces of wood fixed together cross-wise without any reference to their relative proportions. Metaphorically, the term cross implies death thus inflicted, and so it becomes synonymous with crucifixion, and is often used to denote any exceptionally severe pain or heavy trial. The manner in which Christ suffered has caused the cross, as the instrument for cruci fixion, either to be associated directly or indirectly with His death, or to be regarded as having a reference to that fundamental fact of Christian history. And the same fact may be assumed to be symbolized by the cross in every modification of form and variety of adornment in use. for whatsoever purpose, throughout Christendom. The ancient practice of execution by hanging criminals on trees apparently led to the adoption of crosses con structed for a similar purpose. Hence, hanging from some part of a tree and the being fixed to a cross appear to have conveyed to the Romans the same import ; accordingly the expressions infelix arbor and injelix lignum, each of which may consistently be rendered &quot; the accursed tree,&quot; alike denoted crucifixion (Cicero, Pro Rabir., 3 ; Seneca, Up., 101; Tertull., Ap. viii. 16). The barbarous execution by crucifixion, of which traces are to be found from remote times among the nations of the East and North, was carried into effect in two forms (1) when the sufferer was left to perish bound to a tree or an upright stake, sometimes after being impaled ; and (2) when by nails driven through his hands and feet, his limbs also sometimes further secured by cords, the sufferer was fixed with outstretched arms to a cross having a horizon tal bar as well as a vertical stake. The terms employed in the Gospel narratives render it certain that Christ thus was crucified. According to Lipsius (De Cruce, i. 5-9) and Gretser (De Cruce Christi, vol. i. c. 1), a single upright stake was distinguished as crux simplex, while to the actual cross, formed of two pieces of wood, the name crux composita or compacta was applied. The crux composita, compound cross, or &quot; cross &quot; properly so called, appears under the following modifications of form :Crux immissa or capitata, formed as in this figure J ; crux commissa or ansata, thus formed, T ; and crux decussata, when the cruciform figure is set diagonally after the manner of the Roman letter X. It was upon a crux immissa that Christ is generally believed to have died. This cross is a &quot; Latin cross,&quot; when the shaft below tho transverse bar is longer than that part which rises above the transverse bar, as The gratuitous barbarity of scourging as a prelude to crucifixion, and of compelling the condemned sufferer to carry his cross, or one of the parts of it, to the place of execution, were but too strictly in keeping with the cruel character of the Romans. Crucifixion with the head downwards, of which Seneca speaks (Consolat. ad Marc., c. xx.), the mode in which St Peter is said to have chosen to suffer, was a refinement on the barbarity of the cross no less consistent with Roman cruelty. The well-known legend of the &quot; Invention of the Cross&quot; (commemorated on the 3d of May), or the finding the actual cross on which Christ had suffered, by the Empress Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great, rests on the 