Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 6.djvu/586

552 happen to him.&quot; This weakness made him the tool of Henry in the most scandalous transactions of his reign, and the tool of Edward in what he knew to be an unjust alteration of the succession, aild it robs him of his undis puted claim to rank among the noble army of martyrs. But while one may not admit that claim, there is a grandeur in the circumstances of his death, and especially in the incident of the voluntary burning of the right hand, which the popular instinct has nob failed to appreciate as all but redeeming him from disgrace. It is only, however, a hero in life who can be in the true sense a martyr in death ; and the archbishop was as little the one as the other. And so it is that brave old Latimer wears the crown, while the timid Cranmar passed through the same fiery gates into the city without tho martyr s glory, though also without the apostate s shame.

1em  CRANNOGS (Celtic, crann, a tree), the term applied in Scotland and Ireland to the stockaded islands so numer ous in ancient times in the lochs of both countries. The existence of these lake-dwellings in Scotland was first made known by Mr John Mackinlay, a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, in a letter sent to George Chalmers, the author of Caledonia, in 1813, describing two crannogs, or fortified islands in Bate. The crannog of Lagore, the first discovered in Ireland, was examined and described by Sir William Wilde in 18 10. But it was not until after the discovery of the pile-villages of the Swiss lakes, in 1853, had drawn public attention to the subject of lake-dwellings, that the crannogs of Scotland and Ireland were systematically investigated. The results of these in vestigations show that they resemble the Swiss lake-dwell ings in nothing, except that they are placed in lakes. The crannog is a type of stronghold peculiar to Celtic countries. No example is known in England, although over a hundred have been examined and described in Ireland, and perhaps about half that number in Scotland. As a rule they have been constructed on islets or shallows in the lochs, which have been adapted for occupation, and fortified by single or double lines of stockaded defences drawn round the margin. To enlarge the area, or raise the surface level where that was necessary, layers of logs, brushwood,, heather, and ferns were piled on the shallow, and consoli dated with gravel and stones. Over all there was laid a layer of earth, a floor of logs, or a pavement of flagstones. In rare instances the body of the work is entirely of stones, the stockaded defence and the huts within its inclosure being the only parts constructed of timber. Occasionally a bridge of logs, or a causeway of stones, formed a com munication with the shore, but often the only means of getting to and from the island was by canoes. One or two of these hollowed out of a single tree are usually found in connection with a crannog. The stockade was commonly of piles of oak, but occasionally of pine, yew, or alder. Remains of huts of logs, or of wattled work, are often found within the inclosure. Three crannogs in Dowalton Loch, Wigtonshire, examined by Lord Lovaine in 1863, were found to be constructed of layers of fern and birch and hazel branches, mixed with boulders and penetrated by oak piles, while above all there was a surface layer of stones and soil. The remains of the stockade round the margin were of vertical piles mortised into horizontal bars, and secured by pegs in the mortised holes. The crannog of Cloonfinlough in Connaught had a triple stockade of oak piles connected by horizontal stretchers, and enclosing an area 130 feet in diameter, laid with trunks of oak trees. In the crannog of Lagore there were about 150 cartloads of bones, chiefly of oxen, deer, sheep, and swine, the refuse of the food of the occupants. The implements, utensils, and weapons found in the Scottish and Irish crannogs are usually of iron, or, if objects of bronze and stone are found, they are commonly such as were in use in the Iron age, differing in form and ornamentation from the relics of the Stone and Bronze ages. Stone celts are said in one or two instances to have occurred in Irish crannogs, but such in stances are rare and exceptional, and no object of stone or bronze similar to those usually assigned to the Stone or Bronze age has been found in any crannog in Scotland. The objects usually found in the Irish crannogs are swords, spears, javelins, dagger-blades, knives, and axes of iron, mostly of the forms which are characteristic of the peri( d of the Scandinavian invasions from the 9th to the 12th century. Besides these there are cauldrons, basins, ar.d other utensils of thin hammered bronze; pins, brooches, ai:d horse-trappings of cast-bronze; combs, pins, handles of im plements, ornaments, and other objects of bone ; pots, dishes, and bowls of coarse, unglazed, and Land-made pottery, often ornc.mented with zig-zag lines and rude im pressed or incised patterns of crossed or parallel lines and triangular markings ; quernstones, whetstones, pestle-stones, round stone balls, &c. Few objects have been found in the Scottish crannogs except at Dowalton, which yielded basins of thin bronze, solely clouted, part of a large cauldron, beads of glass and amber, and bracelets of vitre ous paste, iron skg, crucibles, large hammer-heads of iron, quernstones, whetstones, and a shoe of stamped leather. A saucepan of Roman make was found in the loch in the neighbourhood of the crannogs, but it is not certainly con nected with any of them. Crannogs are frequently referred to in the Irish annals. Under the year 848 the Annals of the Four Masters record the burning of the island of Loth Gabhor (the crannog of Lagore), and the same stronghold is noticed as again destroyed by the Danes in 933. Under the year 1246 it is recorded that Tmlough O Connor made his escape from the crannog of Lough Leisi, and drowned his keepers. Many other entries occur in the succeeding centuries. In the register of the Privy Council of Scotland, April 14, 1G08, it is ordered that &quot;the haill houssis of defence, strongholds, and crannokis in the Yllis (the western isles) pertaining to Angus M Conneill of DunnyvrJg and Hector M Cloyne of Dowart sal be delyvcrit to His Majestic.&quot; Judging from the historical evidence of their late continuance, and from the character of the relics found in them, the crannogs of Scotland and Irekni may be regarded as the very latest class of prehis toric strongholds, reaching their greatest development in early historic times, and surviving through the Middle Age.s. In Ireland Sir William Wilde has assigned their range approximately to the period between the th and ICth centuries. See.

1em  CRANTOR, a Greek philosopher of the Old Academy, famous as the first commentator on Plato, was born, probably about the middle of the 4th century, at Soli in Cilicia, and was a fellow pupil of Polomo in the school of Xenocrates at Athens. His poems, which are said to have been deposited in the temple of Athena at Soli, have 