Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 6.djvu/294

Rh  questions, the most important being that On Financial Reform, 1830.  CONGO, a country of Western Africa, extending along the coast of the Atlantic for about 185 English miles, from the River Zaire, or Congo (see, . ), which separates it from Cacongo and Loango on the north, to the Dande, which marks the boundary of Angola on the south. No very definite limit can be assigned on the eastern side ; but it is hardly to be regarded as Congo territory at more than 250 miles inland. At one time the name Congo was applied not only to the country thus defined, but also to Loango, Angola, and Benguela in short, to all the territory claimed by the Portuguese in this part of the continent. The coast of Congo presents for the most part a succession of low cliffs and bluffs of red sandstone, sinking at intervals almost to the level of the sea; and for about 30 to 60 miles inland the country remains comparatively flat. It then begins to rise in irregular terraces till it reaches a height of about 1500 or 1600 feet; and its surface is broken with an endless variety of hill and valley and undulating plateau. The prevailing rocks in the lower terraces are mica, schist, gneiss, and shale ; further inland there are extensive limestone formations ; and igneous rocks occur in several quarters. The whole country is abundantly watered, partly by tributaries of the Zaire, and partly by independent streams that flow westward to the Atlantic. Of the latter the more important are the Ambrizzette, the Loge, and the Lifune ; but even these are only navigable for barges. The former, as far as Congo proper is concerned, are individually insignificant. During the rainy season the surplus water is carried down in a thousand torrents, but the beds are quite dry daring most of the year.

The mineral wealth of Congo is only partially explored, and even the deposits that are known to exist are very sparingly utilized. Copper mines have been worked at intervals for a considerable period at Bembe ; and, though now abandoned by the Portuguese, they appeared to Lieutenant Grandy to contain a good supply of ore. Very fine malachite is also found in other parts of the country. Iron is obtained in the northern districts along the Zaire, where the general diffusion of the metal is proved by the red ferruginous character of the soil, and the fact that most of the streams are more or less chalybeate. A lake of bitumen is reported at Kinsao, near Maugue Grande ; the same substance occurs at Musserra, and another deposit has been worked by the natives at Libongo. Red gum- copal occurs in Tarious places, among others, near Mangue Grande and in the Mossulo country; but the supersti tion of the natives interferes with its excavation. That diamonds have ever been found there seems no reason to believe; but garnets and even rubies occur. Salt is manu factured by the natives along the coast.

The climate of Congo is, in comparison with that of most tropical countries, remarkably cool and agreeable. In the hot season the thermometer is seldom more than from 80 to 86 Fahr. in the shade, and in the &quot; cacimbo,&quot; or cool season, it usually ranges from 60 during the night to 75 during the day. This low temperature is principally due to the westerly breeze which sets in from the Atlantic about nine or ten o clock in the morning, and continues blowing, not unfrequently with considerable violence, till after sunset. As this breeze dies away towards the interior, the heat is perceptibly greater ; but the increasing elevation of the country soon reduces the temperature to similar limits. The different seasons of the year occur at slightly different periods, according to the altitude and position of the several districts ; but the hot or rainy season may be regarded as extending from October to May or June, and the &quot;cacimbo&quot; as occupying the rest of the year. In October there are usually light rains in the lower country ; and these are succeeded by the Moula na Chintomba, or great rains, which are accompanied by violent storms and thunder. Next follows, from December to March, a period known as the &quot;little dries,&quot; and then conies another spell of heavy rains and atmospheric dis turbance. In the neighbourhood of Banza Umpata, about 200 miles inland, the natives, according to Lieutenant Grandy, divide the year into the following five seasons : Sevoo, or summer, from the beginning of July to the middle of September ; Bangala, or the dry season, to the end of November ; Masanza, to the middle of February ; Kundey, or the period of the heavy rains, to the middle of April ; and Kintonibo, or spring, to the end of June. In its effects on the human constitution, the climate of Congo is much less deleterious than that of the coast regions further to the north ; and in the higher districts even the European can maintain himself with ease in a fair state of health. Fevers and agues are not uncommon, but do not last long ; and the natives suffer from bronchitis, pleurisy, small-pox, and skin diseases. The curious sleep- disease appeared in 1870, but did not spread through the country.

The flora of Congo is rich and various ; and the country may be divided with remarkable precision into different zones, distinguished by the prevailing char acter of the vegetation. According to Mr Monteiro, the traveller, as he advances inland from Ambriz, finds during the first 25 miles baobabs, euphorbias, aloes, &quot; muxixes &quot; or &quot; mukazo &quot; (Sterculia tomentosci), and a great abundance of Sanseviera angolensis ; he passes next into a region of larger, shadier trees, which continue for the next 35 miles, when the scene again changes, and the whole forest becomes one tangled maze of the most luxuriant and beautiful creepers. Near Bembe the country opens up and the oil-palm becomes the prevailing tree. In the first zone the grasses are short and delicate, in the second they are stronger and taller ; in the third they develop into gigantic species with sharp knife-like blades, from 5 to 16 feet in height, which cover vast open stretches, and for several months in the year render com munication through the country almost impossible. The cashew tree is exceedingly abundant along the coast from Congo to Ambrizzette. The principal objects of native cultivation are manioc or cassava, yams, ground-nuts (Arachis hypogcea), and maize. Sesamum and sweet potatoes are sparingly grown. Coffee of good quality is found wild in various parts, especially in the neighbourhood of Encoge. Chili pepper is abundant, and forms the prin cipal condiment in use among the natives, who not unfre quently eat it to their own injury. The plantain, the papaw, the orange, and the pine-apple are the principal fruits, but many others thrive well. Beans, cabbages, pumpkins, cucumbers, melons, spinach, and other European vegetables can be successfully cultivated, and the first two are used by the natives. Of the beans, indeed, there artf two species, the ordinary haricot and the tree-bean; the latter is sometimes left to grow for two years. The princi pal beverage of the inhabitants is the palm wine, but they also manufacture a beer called &quot; garapa,&quot; from the Indian corn. According to Selim Agha, who accompanied Burton in 1863, cotton and rice come to perfection in four months, the cassava takes six or nine, and three or four are sufficient for cabbages, lettuce, endive, and carrots.

The domestic animals of Congo consist chiefly of goats, swine, dogs, and cats ; and there are also a few sheep with coats of hair instead of wool. The goats are beautiful creatures, but the swine and dogs are poor and half-starved. No beasts of burden are employed by the natives ; and the 