Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 6.djvu/196

168 ing for their s both the of, , and the -mother. In consequence of this he was, but he proudly refused to stir. He was at length removed from his by force, and, with  and others of the, he withdrew into , where he preached with no great success to the  and. Being again compelled to flee, he retired to, and founded the of , in which he remained till his death. His writings, which include some, prove him a man of , and he appears to have been acquainted not only with the , but also with , and even. His works were published at in 1667. His Regula Cœnobitalis cum Pœnitentiali is to be found in the Codex Regularum. The of the Columbans merged in that of the  in the beginning of the 8th century.  COLUMBIA, the capital of,, is a of nearly 10,000. It lies on the east of the, just below its junction with the  and , and is 124 s N.N.W. of , the principal  of. It is noted for its salubrity and the natural beauty of its site and surroundings. As the capital and political centre of, it has held a position second only in importance to , and has been the home of many distinguished men. Several public s enhance its dignity. Among these are the, founded in , with which the late Professor  was long officially connected, the  for the , a  , the State-house, , &c. It is the terminus of three which connect it with  and the -, and with points west and north, and is also the head of   on the. A fertile region surrounds it, and it enjoys a fair degree of  prosperity. Near the close of the civil war, the of  entered the , being feebly opposed by the. During the, s were set—whether by invaders or defenders has never been determined beyond doubt—by which many and a large amount of  were destroyed.  COLUMBIA,, a of the, originally erected under a of  of  , for the establishment of a permanent seat of. This authorized the acquisition by the  of a  not exceeding ten s square, at the confluence of the  and its eastern branch. A part of the thus designated was ceded to the  by, and included the  of , and a part by  including the  of. Outside of these the  was occupied by  and ers, as it had been from the latter part of the 17th century. By a of  of , that portion of the  which had been ceded to the  by  was ceded back to. The present of the  is 64 square s. Under the  of, three ers were appointed to receive the cession of the , and to lay out the  of  and erect the public  for the reception of the. The cornerstone of the was laid by,  18,. On the first of , the removal of the  from  was effected. The surface of the is diversified by and, is well  with, , , , and other s, is productive when well , and affords at several points extended and beautiful views of the  of the. The scenery of Rock Creek, an affluent of the, is also celebrated for its romantic beauty. The is temperate and healthy. In the bilious s are sometimes prevalent on the low grounds. The staple product before was, the culture of which has of late years been abandoned for , , , , and s, all of which are produced in great abundance, and sold at remunerative prices in the s of  and. The and   of the  yield a large. The of the at each  since its organization is thus stated:—

The native born in was 115,446; the foreign-born, 16,254. The number of s was 23,308; persons to a, 5·65; valuation of and, 126,873,618; value of s, 3,800,000; of , 319,000. The number of establishments was 952;, 54; , 15; hands , 4685; , 5,021,925; products, 9,292,173,—consisting mainly of ,  materials, , , and. The of the, mainly incurred since  in the construction of s and the  of s in  and , is about 25,000,000. The is under the control of, and its affairs are regulated by three ers appointed by the  and, by virtue of a  of. The are constituted by  of, and the s appointed by the  and. By the of, the  of  and  were abolished, and the  throughout the  suppressed. It has no in. The and  connects, the head of - on the, with , the centre of the   region of the  of. It is 180 s in length, and transports 1,000,000 s of per annum. The is intersected by the  and Metropolitan branches of the  and , and by the  and  , and is connected with the south by  to , the northern terminus of the. There are well-managed lines of s running to, , and , the last ed mainly with from the  s. The  nage of the  exceeds 600,000 s  from the  of , which is the  of entry for the  of Columbia. Since the  has expended 60,000,000 in the  of public  and improvement of public grounds in the. For each of the s, , and , appropriated over 2,000,000 as its share of the expenses of the. The free s of the are maintained at an  cost of 400,000. The Columbian, established by the in , is a well-endowed and flourishing. The Howard, established for the of the , is also well patronized. There are 120  in the, of which the  have 25, the  42, the  14, the  20, the  14, and the  8. The  in 