Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/89

Rh Oil the defeat of Antony, he was pardoned by the emperor at the intercession of the Cappadocians, and received Armenia Minor and Cilicia Trachea as a reward for having assisted the Romans in clearing the seas of pirates who infested the coast of Asia. He contracted a strict friend ship with Herod the Great, king of Judea, and married his daughter Glaphyra to Alexander, Herod s son. On the accession of Tiberius (who entertained a secret hostility to Archelaus on account of his previous neglect of his merits during the lifetime of Caius C0esar), he was decoyed to Rome by the fair promises of Livia, the emperor s mother ; but being accused before the senate, and loaded with reproaches at the court, he died of grief, after a reign of fifty years. On the death of Archelaus (17 A.D.) the kingdom of Cappadocia was reduced to a Roman province, and governed by men of the equestrian order. It continued under the Roman empire to enjoy a high state of prosperity, and its capital, Caesarea, became a great and flourishing city. But in the reign of Valerian, it was overrun by the Persian king Sapor, who took Csesarea after a long siege, and put most of the inhabitants to the sword. Cappadocia, however, continued to form part of the Byzantine empire, till it was conquered by the Seljukian Turks in 1074. It has ever since remained incorporated with the Turkish empire. During the Roman period Cappadocia assumes rather a prominent part in ecclesiastical history. Its capital, Caesarea, was the birthplace of St Basil, who long occupied its episcopal see, while that of Nyssa was held by his brother Gregory ; and the small town of Nazianzus, in the south-west of the province, was at once the birthplace and the residence of the more celebrated Gregory, commonly known from thence as St Gregory Nazianzen.  CAPPEL, the name of a family of distinguished theo logians, scholars, and jurisconsults, of whom the following are the most important. Guillaume Cappel, in 1491, as rector of the university of Paris, had the boldness to forbid the payment of the tithe demanded by Pope Innocent VIII. His son Jacques, jurisconsult and councillor of state under Francis I., is famous for the speech which he delivered in 1537 before the king and nobility of France against Charles V. and the counts of Flanders, Artois, and Charolais. His son, Louis Cappel, sieur de Moniambert (1534-1586), who began life as professor of Greek at Bordeaux, and ended his days as professor of theology at- Sedan, is remarkable for his devotion to the cause of Protestantism, for the sake of which he risked his life on more than one occasion. It was he who, in 1560, pre sented to Charles IX. the Confession of Faith which had been drawn up by the Parisian Protestants. Another son, Jacques Cappel (1570-1624), was a distinguished juris consult. He was the father of Jacques Cappel, author of a number of works of considerable celebrity on theology, history, philology, and antiquities, and of, noticed below.  CAPPEL,, the most celebrated member of, a learned Protestant theologian and scholar, was born at St Elien in 1585, and died at Saumur in 1658. He studied theology at Sedan, Oxford, and Saumur. At the age of twenty-eight he accepted the chair of Hebrew at Saumur, and twenty years after that of theology. As a Hebrew scholar, his greatest achievement is his demonstra tion, against the Buxtorfs, that the vowel points and accents are not an essential part of the Hebrew language, but were inserted by the Masorete Jews of Tiberias, not earlier than the 5th century A.D., and that the primitive Hebrew characters are those now known as the Samaritan, while the square characters are Chaldean, substituted for the more ancient at the time of the Captivity. As a theologian, he advocated liberal views with regard to the verbal inspira tion of Scripture and the history of the Bible. These doctrines of Cappel were generally distasteful to his co religionists. Their protest against the Church of Rome being founded upon Scripture, to allow the possibility of the slightest inaccuracy in its text seemed to them to be striking at the very root of their position. They, there fore, made strenuous efforts to prevent the publication of his views. The Swiss clergy were compelled to sign a paper condemning them, and Cappel found great difficulty in printing some of his works. His Critica Sacra, a collec tion of various readings in the Old Testament and of canons of textual criticism, lay in MS. for ten years, and he was only able to print it at Paris, in 1650, by aid of a son who had turned Catholic. Cappel is also the author of Annotationes et Commentarii in Vetus Testamentum, Chron- ologia Sacra, and other theological woiks, as well as of several treatises on Hebrew besides the Critica Sacra, among which are the Arcanum Punctuationis revelation (1624), and the Diatriba de veris et antiquis Ebr&orum liter is (1645). His Commentarius de Capellorum gentt, giving an account of the distinguished family to which he belonged, was published by his nephew James Cappel (1639-1722), who, at the age of nineteen, became professor of Hebrew at Saumur, but, on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, fled to England, where he died in 1622.  CAPPERONIER, (1671-1744), a classical scholar, was the son of a tanner at Montdidier. He studied at Amiens and Paris, and took orders in the Church of Rome, but devoted himself almost entirely to classical studies. He declined a professorship in the university of Basel, and was afterwards appointed to the Greek chair in the College de France. He published an edition of Quin- tilian, and left behind him at his death an edition of the ancient Latin Rhetoricians, which was published in 1756. His nephew, Jean Capperonier, was also a famous linguist.  CAPRERA, or, a small island of Italy, in the Mediterranean, two miles off the north-east coast of Sar dinia, in 41 12 47&quot; N. lat. and 9 29 14&quot; E. long. It forms one of the Buccinarian group, and belongs to the province of Sassari. The most of its surface of 6700 acres is rocky and unfertile; and till the present century it was only occasionally visited. In 1854 Garibaldi acquired pos session of a part of the island, and built himself a house, which has been his principal place of residence since that date. See Vecchj, Garibaldi at Caprera, 1862.  CAPRI, the ancient Capreæ, a small island of Italy on the south side of the Bay of Naples, in 40 32 N. lat. and 14 11 E. long., and separated by a space of 3i miles from the promontory of Sorrento. It is a mass of limestone rock, with an area of about 20 square miles, rising into two distinct peaks or plateaus, with a little valley of great fertility between. The coast consists for the most part of precipitous cliffs, and there are only two landing-places in the whole circuit. The scenery throughout the island is of unusual beauty, and some of the sea-caves are un rivalled for the splendid colours reflected on the rock. The two most famous are called respectively the Blue and the Green Grotto; the former, though it has only become a popular resort in the present century, seems to have been known in the 17th. The inhabitants still retain distinct traces of the Greek type of countenance and figure. They are industrious, religious, and simple, and, in general, poor. Besides the cultivation of the narrow surface that can be reclaimed from the rock, they chiefly depend on the capture of the quails which visit the island in May and December ; and about 200 of the young men take part annually in the coral fishery off the coast of Africa. The chief towns are Capri in the east, with 2332 inhabitants, and a beautiful cathedral and a semi nary ; and Anacapri in the west, situated on the summit of 