Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/833

Rh punished by a fine. He continued, however, to be employed in matters of importance ; but at length, after being sent into Thrace to protect the Greek colonies, he was recalled by the Ephors. He refused to obey, and made himself master of Byzantium. Being driven thence, he visited the court of Cyrus, for whom he levied a little army of Greek mercenaries, which he led on the famous Expedition of the Ten Thousand. He was the only one of the Greeks who was acquainted with the real intention of Cyrus ; and it was not till they had proceeded too far to retire with safety that he made known the object for which they had been collected. He commanded a division of his countrymen in the battle of Cunaxa (401 B.C.) ; and he led them on their diflicult return journey till, being treacherously seized by Tissaphernes, he was sent to the court of Artaxerxes, where he was put to death.  CLEMENS ALEXANDRINUS. The little we know of Clemens Alexandrinus is mainly derived from his own works. The earliest writer after himself who gives us any information with regard to him is Eusebius. The only points on which his works now extant inform us are his date and his instructors. In the Stromata, while attempting to show that the Jewish Scriptures were older than any writings of the Greeks, he invariably brings down his dates to the death of Commodus, a circumstance which at once suggests that he wrote in the reign of the Emperor Severus, from 193 to 211 A.D. (see Strom., lib. i. cap. xxi. 140, p. 403, Potter s edition). The passage in regard to his teachers is corrupt, and the sense is therefore doubtful (Strom., lib. i. cap. i. 11, p. 322, P.)

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Some have supposed that in this passage seven teachers are named, others that there are only five, and various con jectures have been hazarded as to what persons were meant. The only one about whom conjecture has any basis for speculating is the last, for Eusebius states (Hist. Ecd., v. 1 1 ) that Clement made mention of Panteenus as his teacher in the Hypotyposes. The reference in this passage is plainly to one whom he might well designate as his teacher. To the information which Clement here supplies subse quent writers add little. By Eusebius and Photius he is called Titus Flavius Clemens, and &quot; the Alexandrian &quot; is added to his name. Epiphanius tells us that some said Clement was an Alexandrian, others that he was an Athenian (Hcer., xxxii. 6), and a modern writer imagined that he reconciled this discordance by the supposition that he was born at Athens, but brought up at Alexandria. We know nothing of his conversion except that he passed from heathenism to Christianity. This is expressly stated by Eusebius (Prcep. Evangel., lib. ii. cap. 2), though it is likely that Eusebius had no other authority than the works of Clement. These works, however, warrant the inference. They show a singularly minute acquaintance with the ceremonies of pagan religion, and there are indications that Clement himself had been initiated in some of the mysteries (Protrept., cap. ii. sec. 14, p. 13, P.). There is no means of determining the date of his conversion. He attained the position of presbyter in the church of Alexandria (Eus., Hist. Ecd., vi. 11, and Jerome, De Vir. III., 38), and became the successor of Pantsenus in the catechetical school of that place. Among his pupils were Origen (Eus., Hist. Ecd., vi. 7) and Alexander, bishop of Jerusalem (Eus., Hist. Ecd., vi. 14). How long he continued in Alexandria, and when and where he died, are all matters of pure conjecture. The only further notice of Clement that we have in history is in a letter written in 211 by Alexander, bishop of Jerusalem, to the tiochians, and preserved by Eusebius (Hist. Ecd., vi. 11). The words are as follows: &quot;This letter I sent through Clement the blessed presbyter, a man virtuous and tried, whom ye know and will come to know completely, who being here by the providence and guidance of the Ptuler of all strengthened and increased the church of the Lord.&quot; A statement of Eusebius in regard to tLe per secution of Severus in 202 (Hist. Ecd., vi. 3) would render it likely that Clement left Alexandria on that occasion. It is conjectured that he went to his old pupil Alexander, who was at that time bishop of Flaviada in Cap- padocia, and that when his pupil was raised to the see of Jerusalem Clement followed him there. The letter implies that he was known to the Antiochians, and that it was likely he would be still better known. Some have con jectured that he returned to Alexandria, but there is not the shadow of evidence for such conjecture.

{{11fine|Eusebius and Jerome give us lists of the works which Clement left behind him. Photius has also described some of them. They are as follows: 1. 7i&amp;gt;bs &quot;EAAiji/os. yos6 -nporpi-n-riK^s, A Hortatory Address to the Greeks. 2. 6 ira^ayai^6s, The Tutor, in three books. 3. 2,rpti}fj.aTt ts, or Patch-work, in eight books. 4. ris & ff&amp;lt;a^6fj.tvos TrXovcLos, Who is the Rich Man that is Saved ? 5. Eight books of &quot;YiroTvirwfffii, Adumbrations or Outlines. 6. On the Pass over. 7. Discourses on Fasting. 8. On Slander. 9. Exhortation to Patience, or to the Newly Baptized. 10. The KO.VUV tK.K-r}&amp;lt;na&amp;lt;niK6s, the Hide of the Church, or to those who Judaize., a work dedicated to Alexander, bishop of Jerusalem.|undefined}} 1em 1em 1em 1em