Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/811

Rh hairs that have become detached from the pouch. The Rasse ( Viverra rasse) is the fiercest and most carnivorous of its kind, and remains untamed in confinement. It is a native of Java, where it is found not unfrequently in forests at a moderate elevation above the sea level. It is almost 3 feet long including the tail, and is prettily marked with dark longitudinal stripes, and with spots which have a distinctly linear arrangement. Its perfume, which is extracted in the same way as in the two preceding species, is highly valued and much used by the Javanese, who, according to Dr Horsfield, apply it to their dresses, and by means of various unguents and mixtures of flowers to their persons. British imports of civet are chiefly from the Indian Archipelago, and when pure it is worth about 2 per ounce. It is frequently adulterated with butter or lard. Fossil remains of extinct civets are found in the Miocene strata of Europe.  CIVIDALE, or more precisely, a town of Italy, in the province of Udine, and about ten miles east of the city of that name, on the right bank of the Natisone, over which there is a bridge 250 feet in length. It has an interesting collegiate church founded in 750, an antiquarian museum, and a military training college. The archives of the &quot; duoruo &quot; contain various manuscripts of value, among which may be mentioned a 5th century copy of the translation of the Gospels by St Jerome, and the prayer-book of St Gertrude which dates from the llth century. Cividale is generally supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Forum Julii, a town of the Carni, which rose to the rank of a Roman colony, became the capital of Venetia after the destruction of Aquileia in 452, was made the seat of a duchy under the Lombards, and thus gave its name to the province of Friuli. Many ancient remains have been brought to light from time to time, including vases, bas-reliefs, inscriptions, a temple, and another large building with mosaic floors. In 1874 the tomb of the Lombard duke Gisulfo was discovered. Paulus Diaconus was born at Forum Julii in the 8th century ; and the actress Ristori is a native of Cividale. Population, 8200.  CIVIL LAW. This phrase, and its Latin equivalent jus civile, have been used in a great variety of meanings. Jus civile was sometimes used to distinguish that portion of the Roman law which was the proper or ancient law of the city or state of Rome from the jus gentium, or the law common to all the nations comprising the Roman world, which was incorporated with the former through the gency of the praetorian edicts. This historical distinction remained as a permanent principle of division in the body of the Roman law. One of the first propositions of the Institutes of Justinian is the following : &quot; Jus autem civile vel gentium ita dividitur. Omnes populi qui legibus et moribus reguntur partim suo proprio, partim communi omnium hominum jure utuntur; nam quod quisque populus ipsi sibi jus constituit, id ipsius civitatis proprium est, vocaturque jus civile quasi jus proprium ipsius civitatis. Quod vero riaturalis ratio inter omnes homines constituit, id apud omnes perseque custoditur, vocaturque jus gentium quasi quo jure omnes gentes utuntur.&quot; The jus gentium of this passage is elsewhere identified with jus naturale, so that the distinc tion comes to be one between civil law and natural or divine law. The municipal or private law of a state is sometimes described as civil law in distinction to public or international law. Again the municipal law of a state may be divided into civil law and criminal law. The phrase, however, is applied par excellence to the system of law created by the genius of the Roman people, and handed down by them to the nations of the modern world. The civil law in this sense would be distinguished from the local or national law of modern states. In England recent changes have reduced the number of courts in which the principles of the civil law are recognized, but we are still accustomed to say that the civil law has a certain limited application, and that the race of civilians or civil lawyers is not quite extinct. The civil law in this sense is further to be distinguished from that adaptation of its principles to ecclesiastical purposes which is known as the canon law. See.  CIVITA CASTELLANA, a town of Italy, in the province of Rome, 17 miles E.S.E. of Viterbo, situated on a volcanic plateau surrounded on all sides but one by deep ravines which send down their streamlets to the Tiber. The road from Borghetto crosses the gorge by a magnificent bridge erected in 1712 by Cardinal Imperial!. The town is a bishop s see, and has a cathedral dating from 1210, with beautiful mosaics and an interesting crypt adorned by an altar-piece of the 14th century. The citadel, which was founded by Alexander VI. and completed by Leo X., is used for the incarceration of state prisoners. In the neigh bourhood are the remains of the ancient city of Falerium Vetiis, well known in connection with the story of Camillas and the schoolmaster ; portions of the ancient walls, gate ways, and sepulchres are still to be seen at the edge of the ravine. About four miles to the west are the much more extensive ruins of Falerii Novi, now known as Sta Maria di Fallen. They present some of the most remarkable specimens of ancient military architecture now in existence, consisting of walls nearly perfect, a large number of square towers in good preservation, and several finely-arched gate ways. In the internal area the most important buildings are a Roman theatre erected on Etruscan foundations, and a Lombard church of the 12th century (the Abbadia di Sta Maria). The population of Civita Castellana is about 4000.  CIVITA DI PENNE, an episcopal town of Italy, at the head of a district in the province of Abruzzo Ulteriore I., 1 9 miles west of Pescara. Under the name of Pinna it was the chief city of the Vestini, and is celebrated in the history of the Social war for its obstinate resistance to the Roman army by which it was besieged. It has still some remains of ancient buildings, and numerous inscriptions that attest its importance, and it is noted for the manu facture of artificial flowers. Population, 9800.  CIVITA VECCHIA, a maritime city and port of the Roman territory, which gives its name to a &quot; delegation,&quot; or province. It is the best and almost the only port on the coast of the former territories of the church, and is about 24 miles to the west of Rome. The city occupies the site of the ancient Centum Cellce, so called from a palace which the Emperor Trajan built there. That place, which after Trajan had by means of an aqueduct brought good water thither from the mountain of Tolfo, acquired considerable importance as the natural port of Rome. Totila besieged it ; Narses recovered it ; but it was utterly destroyed in 812 by the Saracens, who were then ravaging all that coast. The inhabitants fled to the neighbouring mountains, but when Pope Leo IV. had overcome and driven away the Saracens, they returned to the old site, rebuilt the town, and called it Civita Vecchia. The articles exported from Civita Vecchia are timber, sulphur, wool and silk, skins, decorative marbles, and anchovies. The imports consist of wines, forged iron, salt provisions, stock-fish, linen, woollen, and cotton cloths, silks, coffee, sugar, and general colonial produce. The port enjoyed under the Popes commercial freedom and sundry special privileges. But its commerce declined in recent times almost to zero. Some little life is imparted to the place from its being a station for steamers on their way from Genoa and Leghorn to Naples, and from the residence of consuls of all nations. But the city, which apart from its territory has only 8143 inhabitants, is a squalid-looking place. On the land side it is protected by fortifications once of considerable import- 