Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/796

782 original, but that it even develops principles altogether absent in the natural. The officinal s of the British Pharmacopœia are three in number:—(1)the pale or Loxa (cortex cinchonæ pallidæ) yielded by Cinchona officinalis; (2)the yellow, royal, or Calisaya bark (cortex cinchona flavæ), the produce of C. Calisaya; and (3)red bark (cortex cinchonæ rubra) derived from C. succirubra. These are the sources of the s, extracts, and other preparations of, while, in common with several others, they also yield the which now constitute the chief form in which the active principles of the s are administered in. Among the other s used as sources of quinine, &c., the principal are—the y, C. macrocalyx;  , C. lanceolata;  , C. lancifolia;  , C. pitayensis; grey or  , C. micrantha, C. nitida, and C. peruviana. Leaving out of view certain unimportant as yet in a view, and found very sparingly in particular s, the four primary  yielded by cinchona  are quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, and cinchonidine. Certain secondary are developed by  treatment of these primary principles, and an amorphous substance precipitated from the mother s of the quinine d under the name of quinoidine is in considerable  use. Much confusion has arisen in the terminology of the by the application of the same name to  distinct principles, and by the converse description of the same  or products under different names. It is found that different derived from the same  vary greatly in richness in, and that equally great fluctuations occur in the relative proportions of the various principles they yield. When a comparison is instituted among the of different  the variations are of course even more marked,—some  having been found to yield as high as 13 per cent. of, while in others not a trace has been obtained. Certain, however, are known as a rule to contain quinine in largest proportion, and in others cinchonine is the most abundant principle. Generally quinine is the most constant and abundant constituent, after which cinchonine, then cinchonidine, while quinidine is the rarest both in proportion and in frequency of occurrence of the principal. The preparation of cinchona most extensively employed in is the  quinine in the form of a. As the from which it is extracted contain besides proportions of one or other of the principal  above enumerated, a demand for any of them might be supplied without interfering with the production of quinine, and as they also have been proved to be potent s their non-utilization is a regrettable waste. From the record of an extensive series of instituted by the  it is demonstrated that quinidine is even more active than quinine, and it forms the principal constituent of a variety of   in extensive cultivation in. Cinchonidine is only a little less powerful in its effect than quinine, and it is abundantly formed by the red  cultivated in. Cinchonine, although the least potent, is an abundant principle, and still a highly valuable and efficient remedial agent. (Author:James Paton)   CINCINNATI, an important of the, situated in the S.W. part of , on the N.  of the , in 39°6′N. and 84°26′W. It is the capital of, and in size is the first in , while, according to the   of 1870, it is the eighth in the. It was first settled in 1788 by persons from, and is said to have been named in honour of the Society of s of the. It was as a  in 1814, and soon acquired a  importance which has steadily increased. In 1800 Cincinnati contained but 750 inhabitants. The amounted to 9602 in 1820, 46,338 in 1840, 115,436 in 1850, 161,044 in 1860, and 216,239 in 1870. Of the total in 1870, 79,612 were, including 49,448 born in , 18,624 in , 3526 in , and 2093 in. The city is chiefly built upon two terraces or s, the first 60 and the second 112 above. Beyond these rises an of  from 400 to 450  high, from which may be obtained a magnificent view of the  of  and the surrounding country. On the opposite of, in the  of , are , which had 24,505 inhabitants in 1870, and , which had 15,087. between these and Cincinnati is afforded by two s and three. The, which is 1057  long between the s (or, including the approaches, 2252 ), with a height of 100  above , was completed in 1867 at a cost of nearly 2,000,000. It has a double, and two ways for pedestrians. Further up is a wrought    built upon piers; besides a  track, it has  and  ways. Cincinnati covers an of 24 square s, extending along  about 10 s, with an average width of 3 s. The most important part of the, however, is comprised within a distance of 2 s along. The limits have been much extended in recent s by the annexation of numerous s, the most important being Columbia, Walnut Hills, Mount Auburn, and Cumminsville. In these, which still retain their former names, are seen the most costly s and s, with embracing from 5 to 80 s each. The is also noted for the beauty of its  and its surrounding scenery. The s, which generally cross one another at right angles, are usually from 1 to 2 s long, and from 50 to 100 wide. Many of them are lined with. is chiefly used for, with a greyish buff for fronts. are usually five and often six stories high. Cincinnati is well supplied with public, the largest of which, Eden, is situated on a in the eastern part of the , and contains 216 s. In Burnet Woods, recently purchased, there are 170 s, mostly , on the  north of the. Centrally situated in the city are Washington, Lincoln, Hopkins, and the City, which together contain about 25 s. One of the most attractive objects in the city is the   which was unveiled in 1871. It was presented to the by, a wealthy , who named it after the late , the originator of the proposal. Its cost was nearly 200,000. The design embraces fifteen figures, all  at, the chief one representing a  with outstretched s, from whose s the  falls in fine spray. This is the surmounting figure, and reaches a height of 45 above the ground. Among the most notable is that of the, built of ed  in the , with a  of six s; it is three stories high, with a length of 150  and a width of 80. The -house, in the  of, is 175  square and three stories high, and has a  with six   s. The   for the   are 205  long and 52  wide. The, 3 s from the heart of the , is a  structure, 515  long and 55  wide, erected at a cost, including 26 s of land, of 650,000. It 