Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/790

776 Iho sun or in artificial heat, and when thoroughly dry they are packed in boxes for sale. Cheroots differ only in form from ordinary cigars, sloping gradually from the thick to the thin end, which instead of finishing in a point, is cut aud trimmed the same as the thick end. Cigarettes are small cigars, sometimes consisting of fine cut tobacco wrapped up in thin paper or inserted in straw tubes. Cigars are sold under an immense variety of names, derived either from the country of their manufacture, from the kind of tobacco used, or from the fancy of the manufacturer. The finest cigars are obtained from Havana in Cuba, and in them the thick ends are left untrimmed by the knife ; but although this is characteristic it is obviously no test of genuineness. Cheroots come principally from Manilla in the Philippine Islands. See.  CIGNANI, (1628-1719), was born at Bologna, where he studied under Battista Cairo, aud afterwards under Albani. Though an intimate friend of the latter, and his most renowned disciple, Cignaui was yet strongly and deeply influenced by the genius of Correggio, as a comparison of his drawing and of his manner of treating light and shadow with that of the painter of Parma will prove. His greatest work, moreover, the Assumption round the cupola of the church of the Madonna della Fuoca at Forli, which occupied him some twenty years, and is in some respects one of the grandest and most remarkable works of art of the 17th century, is obviously inspired from the more renowned fresco of Antonio Leti in the cupola of the cathedral of Parma. Cignani had some of the defects of his masters ; his elaborate finish, his audacious artificiality in the use of colour and in composi tion, mark the disciple of Albani ; but he imparted to his work a more intellectual character than either of his models, and is not without other remarkable merits of his own. In private character Cignani was eminently amiable, unassuming, and generous. His success, however, made him many enemies ; and the envy of some of these is said to have impelled them to deface certain of his works. He accepted none of the honours offered him by the duke of Parma and other princes, but lived and died an artist. On his removal to Forli, where he died, the school he had founded at Bologna was fain in some sort to follow its master. His most famous pictures, in addition to the Assumption already cited, are the Entry of Paul III. into Bologna ; the Francois I. Touching for King s Evil ; a Power of Love, painted under a fine ceiling by Agostino Carracci, on the walls of a room in the ducal palace at Parma; an Adam and Eve; a Temptation of Joseph, in the Florentine Palazzo Arnoldi ; and a Sampson, in the Bolognese Palazzo Zambeccari.  CIGOLI, or, (1559-1613), painter, architect, and poet, was born at Cigoli iu Tuscany. Educated under Allori and Santo di Titi, he formed a pe culiar style by the study at Florence of Michelangelo, Correggio, Andrea dal Sarto, and Pontormo. Assimilating more of the second of these masters than of all the others, he laboured for some years with success ; but the attacks of his enemies, and intense application to the production of a wax model of certain anatomical preparations, induced an alienation of mind which affected him for three years. At the end of this period, he visited Lombardy, whence he returned to Florence. There he painted an Ecce Homo, in competition with Passignani and Caravaggio, which gained the prize. This work was afterwards taken by Bonaparte to the Louvre, and was restored to Florence in 1815. His other pictures of importance are a St Peter Healing the Lame Man, in the church of St Peter s at Rome ; a Conversion of St Paul, in that of San Paolo fuori le Mura, and a Story of Psyche, in fresco, at the Villa Borghese, in the same city ; a Martyrdom of Stephen, which earned him the name of the Florentine Correggio, a Venus and Satyr, and a Sacrifice of Isaac, at Florence ; and a Stigmata of St Francis, at Foligno. Cigoli, who was made a knight of Malta at the request of Pope Paul III., was a good and solid draughtsman and the possessor of a rich and har monious palette. He died, it is said, of grief at the failure of his last fresco (in the Roman church of Santa Maria Maggiore), which is rendered ridiculous by an abuse oi perspective.  CILICIA, one of the most important provinces in the ancient division of Asia Minor, partly represented by the modern province of Adana. It comprised a large part of the southern coast of that country, extending from Pamphylia on the VV. to Mount Amanus and the frontiers of Syria on the E. Throughout this extent it was bounded by the central ridge of Mount Taurus on the N. and by the Mediterranean on the S., so that its form was long and narrow, having a length in a direct line of nearly 270 English miles, while its breadth hardly anywhere exceeds 68 miles. It is divided by nature into two portions of a very different character ; the westernmost, known in ancient times as Cilicia Trachea or Tracheotis (the modern Itsch Hi), the Rugged Cilicia, a well-deserved epithet, as almost the whole region is occupied by a rugged mountain tract, formed by the branches and offshoots of Mount Taurus, which descend for the most part quite to the sea, while the interior is furrowed by deep and narrow valleys, leaving but scanty spaces fit for cultivation ; the eastern most, on the contrary, called Cilicia Pedias, or &quot; of the Plains,&quot; presenting a broad expanse of level alluvial plains round which the lofty chain of Mount Taurus sweeps iu a semicircle, forming a great mountain barrier that encloses it like a wall on the north and east, and separates it from the extensive upland plains of Lycaonia and Cappadocia. Towards the west the limit between Cilicia and Pamphylia was an arbitrary one ; the first place that is assigned by Strabo to Cilicia being Coracesium, a remarkable fortress on a projecting rocky headland, now called Alaja. The whole of this rugged mountain district indeed abounds in such projecting headlands, with small sheltered coves or harbours beneath them, a character that has peculiarly fitted it, both in ancient and in modern times, for affording shelter to pirates. At the same time the difficulty of com munication with the interior has prevented any of the towns on the coast from rising into important centres of trade. Notwithstanding these disadvantages there were in ancient times a considerable number of towns surrounding the coasts of Cilicia Trachea ; among which may be mentioned (proceeding from W. to E.) Selinus, afterwards called Trajanopolis ; Anemurium, near the promontory of the same name, which is the southernmost point of Asia Minor ; Celenderis, still called Kelenderi, and used as a place of passage to the Island of Cyprus, though now a poor decayed village; and Seleucia, termed for distinction s sake Seleucia ad Calycadnum, from its position at the mouth of the river of that name. The Calycadnus, now known as the Gok Su, or &quot; Blue River,&quot; is indeed the only river of any importance in Cilicia Trachea, which it traverses nearly through its whole length, rising but a short distance from the sea, and flowing through a very winding valley, but with a general direction from W. to E. The only towns in the interior&quot;of this western part of Cilicia Mout, which occupies the site of Claudiopolis, and Ermenek (Germani- copolis) are situated in the valley of the Calycadnus, but they are places of little importance. The whole of this mountain tract is still covered with extensive forests, which in ancient times supplied timber for the navies of the Egyptian aud Syrian kings, but are now almost entirely neglected. The small river Lamus still called Lamas Su was con-