Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/771

Rh of the Fathers, published at Oxford, and the Greek text has been in part re-edited by a scholar who has shown a very special aptitude for the work, the Rev. F. Field of King s College, Cambridge. As authorities for the facts of his life, the most valuable are the ecclesiastical histories of Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret ; and amongst the moderns, Erasmus, Cave, Lardner, and Tillemont, with the more recent church history of Neander, and his monogram on the Life and Times of Chrysostom, translated by J. C. Stapleton. There has also appeared a valuable German biography by Dr Forster ; and a narrative, full of interest and told with life-like animation, has been given by the late M. Amedee Thierry in the Revue des Deux Mondes, and since republished (Paris, 1860) in one volume, entitled Recits de VHistoire Romaine au cinquieme Siecle. A grace ful and interesting sketch of the concluding scenes of St Chrysostom s life may be found in Dr Newman s Historical Sketches (London, 1873), though that eminent writer seems uot very favourable to the theology of the Antiochene school, or even of Chrysostom himself. Valuable informa tion is given in Professor Bright s History of the Church (Oxford, 1864), and in Canon Robertson s History of the Christian Church (vol. ii., London, 1874). But the best special contribution to English literature on the subject is St Chrysostom: His Life and Times, by the Rev. W. R, W. Stephens (London, 1872).  CHUB. See. ..  CHUBB, (1679-1746), a well-known deistical writer, was the son of a maltster, Henry Chubb, and was born in the village of East-Harnham, near Salisbury, on the 29th September 1679. His father died in 1688, and left in poor circumstances a widow and four children, of whom Thomas was the youngest. All of them were early sent to work ; and consequently the education which Thomas received in his boyhood was of a most elementary kind. In 1694 he was apprenticed to a glove-maker in Salisbury ; but as the work was afterwards found to be unsuitable for him on account of the weakness of his sight, he entered the employment of a tallow chandler, and his income for many years was derived partly from this source and partly from glove-making. Through energy and per severance he succeeded in gaining a fair knowledge of mathe matics, geography, and some other subjects. Theology, however, was what chiefly commanded the attention of Chubb and his companions, among whom he seems to have been the moving spirit. His intellectual activity, and the eagerness he always displayed to gain clear and distinct views of any question that occupied him, marked him out from the first ; and his early habit of committing his thoughts to writing gave him a clear and fluent stvle which afterwards found much favour with the public. He made his first appearance as an author in the Arian controversy, on the side of Winston. A dispute having arisen among his friends about Whiston s argument in favour of the supre macy of the one God and Father, Chubb was led to write an essay which bore the title, The Supremacy of the father Asserted. This, passed round his friends in manuscript, created so favourable an impression that the author ultimately submitted it to the judgment of Whiston, who pronounced it well worthy of publication. After a few emendations by Whiston, it was printed in 1715. A number of tracts on various subjects followed, which were published in a collected form in 1730. Chubb was now regarded as a literary phenomenon. Among other persons of eminence, he attracted the attention of Sir Joseph Jekyll, Master of the Rolls, in whose house he lived for several years. The nature of his position there is not precisely known ; but there are stories told of his having waited at table as a servant out of livery, and of the amusement caused by his short stout figure standing as steward at his patron s sideboard. His love of independ ence and retirement drew him back to Salisbury, where by the kindness of friends he was enabled to devote the rest of his days to his favourite studies. He died on the 8th February 1746. His moral character was excellent, and he is said to have continued a regular attendant on divine worship in the parish church.

1em  CHUNAR, or, a town and ancient fortress of India, in the district of Mirzapur, in the North- West Pro vinces, situated on the south bank of the Ganges. The fort 