Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/763

Rh 1831-1841,] CHE O N L G Y 749 1831. Adam Czartoryski president of National Government of Poland, January 30. Gregoiy XVI. elected pope, February 2. Insurrection at Modena, February 5 ; suppressed by Austrians, March 10. The Russians defeated by the Poles at Grochow, Feb ruary 20. Reform Bill introduced by Lord John Russell, March 1. Revolution in Brazil ; abdication of the Emperor Pedro, April 7. British parliament dissolved, April 23. Prince Leopold of Saxe- Coburg elected king of Belgium, June 4. Death of Mrs Siddons, June 8 (born, 1755). Reform Bill re-introduced, June 24. Capture of the Portuguese fleet off Lisbon by French fleet, July 11. New London Bridge opened, August 1. Capitulation of Warsaw to Russians, September 7. Coronation of William IV. and Queen Adelaide, September 9. Reform Bill thrown out by House of Lords, October 7. Ibrahim Pasha undertakes conquest of Syria, October. Assassination of Count Capo d Istria, October 9. Riots at Bristol, October 29. Treaty of London respecting Belgium, November 15. First appearance of Asiatic cholera in England, November. General Torrijos shot at Malaga, with fifty associates, December 4. Reform Bill introduced a third time, December 12. Negro insurrection in Jamaica, December 22. Hereditary peerage abolished in France, December 29. The British Association founded. A r ictor Hugo s Notre Dame dc Paris published. 1832. Occupation of Ancona by the French, February 23. Poland declared an integral part of Russian empire, February 26. Death of Goethe, March 22. Resignation of English ministers, May 9. Earl Grey returns to office, May 18. Death of Cuvier, May 13. The Reform Act passed, June 7. Acre taken by Ibrahim Pasha, July 2. Revision of Swiss Federal Pact, July 17. Prince Otho of Bavaria proclaimed king of Greece, August 30. Death of Sir Walter Scott, September 21. Ministry of Marshal Soult formed, October 11. Duchess of Berry imprisoned for sedition, November 7. Siege of Antwerp begun by the French, November 13. Dissolution of British parliament, December 3. Ibrahim Pasha defeats army of the Sultan at Konieh, December 20. Surrender of Antwerp, December 24. Heathcoat s steam-plough patented. The Paris Charivari started. The Penny Magazine and Chambers s Edinburgh Journal begun. Ebenezer Elliott s Corn-Law PJiymcs published. George Sand s Indiana. 1833. First Reform parliament of United Kingdom opened, January 29. King Otho lands at Nauplia, January 31. Mediation of France between the Porte and Mehemet Ali, February 21. Andrew Jackson president (second term) of the United States, March 4. Trial and deposition of Edward Irving for heresy, March 13. Coercion Bill for Ireland passed, April 2. Santa Anna presi dent of Mexican Republic, April 18. Treaty of Kutayeh between Egypt and the Porte, May 14. Death of Edmund Kean, May 15 (born 1787?). Capture of Don Miguel s squadron by Admiral Napier, July 5. Treaty of peace and alliance (of Unkiar Skelcssi &quot;) between Russia and Turkey, July 8. Evacuation of Lisbon by Miguelites ; Donna Maria proclaimed Queen, July 23. Death of Wilberforce, July 29. Irish Church Temporalities Act passed, August 14. Abolition of slavery in the British Colonies (from August 1, 1834) by Act passed August 28. Death of Hannah More, September 7 (born, 1745). Isabella II. queen of Spain, September 29. Durham University opened. Artesian well opened at Crenelle, 1833-1841. Carlyle s Sartor Rcsartus published. Keble s Sermon on National Apostasy preached at Oxford (July). Penny Cyclopaedia, begun (finished, 1843). 1834. Marshal Saldanha defeats the Miguelites at Santarem, February 18. Death of Lafayette, May 20 (born, 1757). Capitu lation of Don Miguel, at Evora, May 26. Abolition of monasteries in Portugal, May 28. Shah Soojah defeated by Dost Mahomed, June 29. Resignation of Earl Grey and Lord Althorp, July 9. Lord Melbourne prime minister, July 1 4. Death of S. T. Coleridge, July 25. Emancipation of slaves in British colonies, August 1. The Poor Law Act passed, August 14. The Houses of Parliament burnt, October 16. The Melbourne ministry dissolved, November 15. Sir Robert Peel first lord of the treasury, December 8. First parliamentary grant for education in England. Oxford Tracts for the Times begun. Ranke s Popes of Rome published, 1834-1836. Lytton s Last Days of Pompeii and Pdcnzi. First volume of Bancroft s History of the United Slates. 1835. Ferdinand I. emperor of Austria, March 2. Death of Wilhelm von Humboldt, April 8 (born, 1767). Resignation of the Peel ministry, April 8. Lord Melbourne again first lord, April 18. Revolt of Texas against Mexico, July. The Foreign Enlist ment Bill suspended in favour of the queen of Spain, June 10. Death of William Cobbett, June 18. First battalion of auxiliary legion sails for Spain, July 2. Municipal Corporations (England) Reform Act passed, September 9. Conference of the emperors of Russia and Austria and the king of Prussia at Toplitz, October. Death of James Hogg, the &quot;Ettrick Shepherd,&quot; November 21 (born, 1772). Independence of Texas proclaimed, December 22. Revolver patented by Colt. Appearance of Halley s Comet. Strauss s Leben Jcsu published. De Tocqueville s Democratic en Amerique. Merle d Aubigne s Ilistolre de la Reformation, vol. i. 1836. Death of Lord Stowell, January 28 (born, 1746). M. Thiers first minister of Louis Philippe, February 22. Occupation of Cracow by Russian and Austrian troops, February. Carlist entrenchments near Hernani taken by the English Legion, May 5. Death of Abbe Sieves, June 20 (born, 1748). Revolution at Madrid, flight of Isturitz, August 12. Resignation of M. Thiers; M. Mole named president of the council, M. Guizot minister of public instruction, September 7. Revolution at Lisbon, September 9-10. Attempt of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte to excite insurrection at Strasburg, October 29. Death of Charles X. of France, November 6. Siege of Bilbao by Carlists raised by Espartero and the British, December 24. Adelaide, S. Australia, founded. Tithe Commuta tion Act passed. Dissenters Marriage Act. 1837. Death of Sir John Soane, January 20 (born, 1753). Martin van Buren president of United States, March 4. Hernani taken by Espartero, May 15. Irun stormed by General Evans, May 17. Victoria queen of England, June 20. The Carlists defeated at Valencia, July 15. The imperial parliament dissolved, July 17. Cholera rages on the continent, July-August. Don Carlos defeats the royal troops near Herrera, August 24. Marshal Saldanha and the duke of Terceira defeated, September 18. The French Chamber of Deputies dissolved, fifty new peers created, October 4. Constantina in Algeria stormed by the French, October 13. The constitution of Hanover abrogated by royal ordinance, November 1. Siege of Herat begun by Persians, November 22. Winter Palace, St Petersburg, burnt, December 29. Durham Uni versity incorporated. Punishment by the pillory abolished in England. Father Mathew s temperance missions begun about this time. Carlyle s French Revolution published. The Pickwick Papers. Ingoldsby Legends. Sara Coleridge s Phantasmion. 1838. Royal Exchange, London, burnt, January 10. Death of Lord Eldon, January 13. Death of Talleyrand, May 17. Espartero defeats the Carlists, and takes Penacerrada, June 22. Coronation of Queen Victoria, June 28. The independence of Peru proclaimed, July 29. The siege of Herat raised, September 9. Resignation of Lord Durham, October 9. Death of Mrs Maclean (Lctitia E. Lan- don), October 15 (born, 1802). Lima evacuated by Chilians, November 10. End of the rebellion in Canada, about November 17. Chartist meetings declared illegal, December 12. Interna tional Copyright Act passed. Daguerreotype process discovered. National Gallery, London, opened. First voyage of &quot;Great Western&quot; across the Atlantic. London and Birmingham Railway opened. 1839. Occupation of Aden by troops of East India Company, January 20. The Anti-Corn-Law League formed, March 20. Treaty of London respecting affairs of Holland and Belgium, April 19. Occupation of Candahar by Anglo-Indian army, April 26. Death of Lord William Bentinck, June 17 (born, 1774). Death of Lady Hester Stanhope, in Syria, June 23 (born 1776). Total defeat of Turkish army under Hafiz Pasha by Ibrahim Pasha, on the Euphrates, June 25. Abdul-Medjid sultan, July 1. Chartist riot at Birmingham, July 15. Ghizni stormed by Sir John Keane, July 22. Shah Soojah restored to sovereignty of Cabul, August 7. Passage of the Khyber Pass by Lieut. -Col. Wade, September 3. John Williams, missionary, murdered at Erromanga, November 20. Christian VIII. king of Denmark, December 3. The Pope pro hibits the slave trade, December 3. Trial and conviction of John Frost and other Chartists for high treason, December 24-31. Copyright in Designs Act passed. First English settlement in New Zealand. Gold discovered in Australia. Committee of Privy Council on Education appointed. Bailey s Fcstus published. 1840. Death of Madame D Arblay, January 6 (born, 1752). Penny postage in Great Britain comes into operation, January 10. Marriage of Queen Victoria with Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg, February 10. Ministry of M. Thiers, March 1. Death of Paganini, May 27 (born, 1784). Surrender of Carlist General Morella, May 28. Frederick William IV. king of Prussia, June 7. Insur rection in Syria against Mehemet Ali, June 7. Blockade of Canton by the English, June 28. Capture of Chusan, July 5. Treaty of London between the sultan and Mehemet Ali, July 15 ; ratified, September 15. Death of Ottfried Miiller, August 1 (born, 1797). Attempt of Louis Napoleon to exute insurrection at Boulogne ; he is arrested, August 6. Abdication of king of Holland, October 7 ; William II. succeeds. Death of Lord Holland, October 22 (born, 1773). Marshal Soult again first minister, October 29. Dost Mahomed surrenders to Sir W. Macnaghten, November 2. The remains of Napoleon I. landed at Cherbourg, November 30, and deposited in the Hotel des Invalides, December 15. The papal nuncio expelled from Spain, December 29. Association for the Repeal of the Union (Ireland) established. Irish Municipal Corpora tions Reform Act passed. Ozone observed by Schonbein. Cole ridge s Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit published. Carlyle s Heroes and Hero- Worship. 1841. Capture of the Bogue Forts, Canton, by the English, January 7. The sultan concedes hereditary pashalic of Egypt to Mehemet Ali, January 27. Union of Upper and Lower Canada proclaimed, February 10. General Harrison president of United States, March 4. Differences between the Sultan and Mehemet Ali arranged, March 5. No. XC. of Oxford &quot;Tracts for the Times&quot;