Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/440

428  to the ; he drove back the, ns, and other  s, who ravaged the ; and he compelled the ns to. But by far his most important achievement was the which he won between  and  in 732, when he finally stayed the northward advance of the, and thus materially affected the subsequent course of. It is a commonly accepted tradition that it was his valour in this which gained him the title of Martel, or &ldquo;the .&rdquo; In 737, on the  of, Charles did not go through the form of appointing another nominal , though he never altered his own title. He divided his territory between his two sons, and, the former receiving , the latter ; and on the  of ,  gained possession of the whole , and assumed the title of. Of the favour of the Charles Martel was careless; he seized her s to reward his warriors; and though he more than once defended the, his  was execrated by the , who were fond of  him amid the torments of.  CHARLESTON, a, a , and the capital of Charleston , , , is situated in 32° 45′ N. undefined. and 79° 57′ W. undefined. It stands upon a flat tongue of pointing south-eastward between the  and  s, which here  into a spacious  extending about 7 s south-east to the, with an average width of two s. The  is surrounded by  on all sides except the entrance, which is about one  wide and 18  deep. The in the, however, is very much deeper, and the work of increasing the depth of the entrance is in progress. Fronting the, and extending northwards, is , about six s long; and on the other side of the entrance is which stretches to the southward. Both s are penetrated by s. The is well defended,—at its entrance by  and, and inside by  and.

Owing to the lowness of the ground on which it is, Charleston presents a peculiarly picturesque appearance from the. Its s and public s seem to rise out of the, while the richness of the surrounding gives the place a particularly engaging aspect. Its proximity to the tends materially to the equalization of the. In 1874 the mean  in  was 52° 1′, in  81°, in  79° 3′, and in  79° 1′. The maximum (96°) occurred in, and the minimum (27°) in. The covers an area of about five  s, and has a  of about nine s. The s are regularly laid out, and are generally well  and ed with. King Street and Meeting Street, the two chief s of the city, extend in nearly parallel lines, and are intersected by the shorter cross streets, which run between and  s. There is little uniformity in the s, and there is a want of public squares and places; but many of the residences are surrounded with spacious, which, with the numerous shade s of all kinds, give the  a picturesque appearance. The most noted public buildings are the, which has extensive , the , the , the , the , and the  of , a , which is esteemed one of the best in the southern. The of Charleston has increased from 18,711 in 1800 to 42,985 in 1850, to 40,519 in 1860, to 48,956 in 1870 (of whom 22,749 were  and 4892 foreigners), and to 56,540 in 1875 (of whom 32,012 were ).

Charleston is one of the leading  of the South, being the outlet for a very rich  and  producing, and a point of supply for an extensive territory embracing  and parts of , , , , , and. The consists chiefly of s. During the  ending  30, 1875, the foreign  comprised s to the value of 19,655,966, and s valued at 680,343. Included in the s there were 265,410 s of, valued at 18,709,949. Besides this foreign there is an extensive trade in, ,  stores, , and , which are  in large quantities to s of the. The extent of the in these articles will be indicated by the following statement of the quantities received in Charleston from the interior for  for a series of s ending 31:&mdash;

Of the total of  during the  ending  31, 1875, 264,305 s were sent to foreign, and 154,869 to home s. The large quantities of   annually  are obtained in the vicinity of the, where the richest deposits of this material in the  have been discovered. A valuable is d from the. During the ending  30, 1875, 236 s, of 102,023 s, entered in the, and 268, of 119,274 s, cleared; 504 s, of 382,018 s, entered, and 461, of 328,266 s, cleared in the wise. The number of s registered, enrolled, and d was 185, of 12,051 s. The s of Charleston are of inferior importance compared with its. Among the most important are the  of s from, in which more than 2,000,000 is , and the preparation of  for  by removing the , cleaning, &c. There are three s in the, where a large part of the   of  and  is cleaned. The of  is extensively carried on in connection with the. Charleston has an extensive wholesale in dry goods,  and, ,  and ,  and s, &c. The has three, four , and five savings. Three have their termini here,—the North-Eastern, extending to ; the South Carolina, to, .; and the  and Charleston. The, 22 s long, connects Charleston with the. The is divided into eight s, and is  by a  and eighteen. It has an excellent and an efficient  system. Among the public are the , the  , the house, the  for the aged and , the  , and the  for  s. In 1874 the   was 12,727 of whom 3291  and 2221  ren were attending the. There were 75 s ed, of whom all were, and all, except four, were. The are graded as primary,, and high. There is also a for girls. The higher institutions of learning are the of Charleston, founded in 1785, which has a  of five and an excellent ; and the Medical  of the