Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/398

386  1em  CHAMPAGNE, (1602-1674), a celebrated painter, was born at Brussels of a poor family. He was a pupil of Fouquier; and, going to Paris in 1621, was employed by Du Chesne to paint along with Nicholas Poussin in the palace of the Luxembourg. His best works are to be found at Vincennes, and in the church of the Carmelites at Paris, where is his celebrated Crucifix, a signal perspective success, on one of the vaultings. After the death of Du Chesne, Philippe became first painter to the queen of France, and ultimately rector of the Academy of Paris. As his age advanced and his health failed, he retired to Port Royal, where he had a daughter cloistered as a nun, of whom he painted a celebrated picture, highly remarkable for its solid unaffected truth. This, indeed, is the general character of his work, grave reality, without special elevation or depth of character, or charm of warm or stately colour. He painted an immense number of paintings, dispersed over various parts of France, and now over the galleries of Europe. Philippe was a good man, indefatigable, earnest, and scrupulously religious. He died on the 12th August 1674.  CHAMPÁRAN, a British district in the Behar Province, under the jurisdiction of the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, lies between 26 and 28 C N. lat., and between 84 and 86 E. long. It is bounded on the N. by the inde pendent state of Nepal ; on the E. by the River Bdghmati, which separates it from the district of Tirhut; on the S. by the district of Sdran and the Bard Gandak River ; and on the W. by the Oudh district of Gorakhpur. A broad grass-covered road or embankment defines the Nepal frontier, except where rivers or streams form a natural boundary. The district is a vast level except in the north and north-west, where it undulates, and gradually assumes a rugged appearance as it approaches the mountains and forests of Nepal. Wide uncultivated tracts cover its north-western corner ; the southern and western parts are carefully cultivated, and teem with an active agricultural population. The principal rivers are the Bard or Great Gan dak, navigable all the year round, the Chhotd or Little Gandak, Panch NadI, Ldlbdgid, Kojd, and Teur. Old beds of rivers intersect Champdran in every direction, and one of these forms a chain of lakes which occupy an area of 139 square miles in the centre of the district. Of the total area of Champdran, viz., 3531 square miles, 2350 square miles are cultivated, 433 are grazing lands, and the rest nncultivable waste. The population in 1872 amounted to 1,440,815 persons, living in 2299 villages and 242,228 houses. Of these the Hindus numbered 1,240,264, or 86 1 per cent.; Muhammadans, 199,237, or 13 8 per cent. ; Christians, 1307 or 1 per cent.; and persons of unspecified religion, 7. Only two towns contain upwards of 6000 inhabitants : (1) Motihdri, the headquarters of the district, population 8266 ; and (2) Bettiah, population 19,708. The principal crops are rice, Indian corn, barley, sugar-cane, opium, indigo ; the mineral products, gold, copper, and limestone. Gold is washed, generally in minute particles, but sometimes in nuggets of the size of a pea, in the sandy beds of the rivers flowing from the hills. Indigo, saltpetre, and rope form the only manufactures of the district, the first being chiefly conducted with European capital. The revenue of the district in 1870 was 82,159, of which the land revenue yielded 52,030, or 63 per cent.; the civil expenditure was 20,613. In 1872, Champdran had 78 schools under Government inspection, attended by 1222 pupils, costing 293, to which the state contributed 153. Champdran, with the rest of Bengal and Behar, was acquired by the British in 1765. Up to 1866 it re mained a subdivision of Sdran. In that year it was sepa rated and formed into a separate district.  CHAMPEAUX,, or Gulidimis Campellensis, a scholastic philosopher and theologian, so called from his birthplace, the village of Champeaux, near Melun, was born about 1070, and died in 1121. After studying under the realist Anselm of Laon, and the nominalist Roscellin, he commenced to teach in the school of the cathedral of Notre Dame, of which he was made canon in 1103. Many scholars gathered round him, and among them was Abelard, who was to prove his great and victorious adver sary. In 1108 William, whose attempts to silence his rival had been all in vain, retired into the abbey of St Victor, where he soon resumed his lectures. He afterwards became bishop of Chalons-sur-Marne, and took part in the dispute concerning investitures, on the side of Calixtus II. whom he represented at the conference of Mousson. Of William of Champeaux s works one on the Eucharist has been printed by Mabillon, and the Moralia Abbreviata and the De Oriyine Animce by Martene. In the last of these there is an interesting discussion concerning the fate of children who die unbaptized. He holds that they must be lost, the pure soul being defiled by the grossness of the body; and he silences all objections as to the justice of their condemnation by declaring that God s will is not to be questioned. Ravaisson has discovered a number of fragments by him, among which the most important is the De Essentia Dei et de Substantia Dei et de tribiis ejus Personis; and a Liber Sententiarum, consisting of discus sions as to points of ethics and Scriptural interpretation, is also ascribed to him. William of Champeaux is, how ever, most important as a representative of realism. We possess no works of his own on philosophical subjects, and his views are only to be discovered in the writings of hia pupil and rival Abelard. At first he taught that the essence of all the individuals of a genus is the universal (which, as a realist, he held to be an existence independent of the individuals), while the differences between the individuals are not in their essence, but in their accidents. Abelard afterwards he tells us himself brought him to admit that there are differences in the essences of different individuals of the same genus, and that the universal is not the whole essence, but only that which is common to the essences of all the individuals that which exists in them all &quot; indi/er enter.&quot; This admission, though not necessarily involving a surrender of realism, gave rise to suspicions that William was deserting that theory, and it is said that in consequence his popularity greatly diminished. See Haure au, De la Philosophic Scolastique ; Prantl, Geschichte der Logilc ; Stockl, Gcschichte der 