Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/370

358 and feeling. Their author has been often confounded with Doctor Gutierre de Cetina, who was vicar of Madrid. See Rivadaneyra s Biblioteca, vol. xxxii.  CETTE, a fortified seaport in the department of Herault, in 43 23 48&quot; N. lat. and 3 42 15&quot; E. long., and 15 miles S.W. of Mcntpellier. After Marseilles it is the principal commercial port on the south coast of France. It occupies the foot and slope of a hill, the ancient Mom Sttius, situated on a tongue of laud that lies between the Mediterranean and the Lagoon of Thau. The town is well built, and has numerous factories, glass-works, shipbuilding yards, a custom-house, a school of navigation, a communal college, a botanic garden, museums, a library, and a theatre. It is much resorted to for sea-bathing. The harbour is capable of accommodating 400 sea-going vessels, and is safe in all weathers. The left of the two moles which form it runs E.N.E. for a distance of about G30 yards into the sea, and is then continued in a breakwater, which extends across the entrance. At the end of this mole are the fort of St Louis and the lighthouse. Opposite to them, on the other side of the harbour, is the fort of St Pierre, which, with the citadel, completes the defences of Cette. The town is connected with Lyons by the Canals des Etangs and de Beaucaire and the Rhone, and with Bordeaux by the Canal du Midi; railways communicate with Toulouse and Montpellier, and steamers with the Mediterranean ports. The shipping trade of Cette is very considerable. Its imports are colonial produce, wool and cotton, hides, cork, brandy and wine for manufacture, iron and lead ores, staves from the Adriatic, asphalt, fruits, sulphur, wheat, oats, maize, barley, timber, and coal. In 1873 the port was visited by 63 British ships, of total tonnage 17,409, mostly laden with pitch for manufacture into patent fuel at the coal mines N. of Nimes. The greater number of these ships left Cette in ballast. The exports are wines, brandy, liqueurs, argol, verdigris, corks, salt, oil, dried fruits and fish, meal, cloth, and woollen stuffs. The sum total of imports and exports in 1870 was about 460,000 tons. In the same year 2075 ships entered, and 2108 left the port. There are upwards of iO sailing-vessels belonging to the port, of from 60 to 300 tons burden. A large number of small craft are employed in the sardine, cod, and oyster fisheries on the coast. There are factories for the manufacture of syrups, grape-sugar, corks, soaps, and chemicals, which with the docks, the extensive salt-works in the neighbourhood, and the establishments for the making, from French and Spanish wine and brandy, of claret, sherry, port, champagne, &c., give employment to thousands. The town was founded in 16G6 by Louis XIV. Population in 1872, 25,181.  CETTINJE,,, , or , the capital of the principality of Montenegro, is situated on the left of a small river in a narrow plain deeply sunk in the heart of the mountains, at a height of 2470 feet above the sea. It consists of two streets of whitewashed stone houses, and, according to Mr Tozer, has very much the appearance of a Dartmoor village. The principal buildings are the monastery and the palace. The former was founded in 1478, but has been frequently burned and restored. It is surrounded with walls, and now contains a prison, a school, a library, a printing establishment, and the residences of the archimandrite and the bishop. The chapel is held in great veneration as the burial-place of the sainted Peter I. and Danilo. The palace is a comparatively simple building of two stories, composing two sides of a court, which is completed by high walls. The town owes its origin to Ivan the Black, who was obliged, in the end of the 15th century, to withdraw from Jabliak, the former capital, situated to the north of Lake Scodra, The town has frequently been taken and ravaged by the Turks^ but has seldom continued for any length of time in their possession. Population about 700.  CEUTA, or (in the local Moorish form), a town and fortress belonging to Spain on the coast of Marocco, on a peninsula opposite Gibraltar, in 35 54 N. lat., 5 18 W. long. It derives its name from its seven hills, the most important of which, the Monte del Hacho (the ancient Abyla, one of the pillars of Hercules), has a considerable elevation. The town is well built, and is chiefly important as a military and convict station. It contains a cathedral, the bishop of which is suffragan to the archbishop of Seville, several religious houses, and a hospital. It has a small harbour, and imports provisions and military stores from Spain. Ceuta occupies the site of the Roman colony of Ad Septeni Fratres. In 618 the town, which had been refortified by Justinian, fell into the hands of the West Goths ; and in the 8th century it was the seat of that Count Julian whose name is inseparably connected with the Saracenic conquest of Spain. Under the Arabic govern ment it was an industrial city, and it is said to have been the first place in Western Europe where a paper manufactory was established. It was taken from the Moora by John I., king of Portugal, in 1415, and passed into the hands of the Spaniards on the subjugation of Portugal by Philip II. in 1580. It has been several times unsuccess fully besieged by the Moors from 1694 to 1727 byMulai Ismail, and in 1732 by Ripperda. In 1810 it was held by the English under Fraser. In 1860 the Spanish territory around the town was extended by force of arms. Popula tion about 7000.  CEVA, the ancient Cela, a town of Italy, in the province of Cuneo and 11 miles east of Mondovi, at the confluence of the Cevetta with the-Tanaro. It was formerly fortified ; and the rock, at the foot of which the town lies, was surmounted by a citadel. It has iron-works and silk- factories, and carries on a considerable trade in its cheese, winch was famous even in the time of the Romans. In the Middle Ages it was the centre of a separate marquisate, and during the 16th and 17th centuries it was several times captured by the French and the Spaniards. In 1796 it was taken by Augereau, and in 1800, after having with stood the siege of the previous year, it again fell into the hands of the French. The conquerors destroyed the castle, which had served as a state prison. Population, 4730.  CÉVENNES, a mountain chain in the south of France, dividing the valleys of the Lower Saone and Rhone from those of the Loire and the Garonne. On the N. the Cevennes are a continuation of the Lyonnais mountains ; and they end on the S. at the Canal du Midi, which separates them from the Pyrenees. They are divided into two parts, the south consisting of the Montagnes Noires (in Aude and Herault), the Espinousea (in Tarn, Aveyron, and He rault), the Garrigues (in Aveyron and Gard), and the Cevennes proper or Lozere or Gevaudan (in Lozere) ; and the north consisting of the Vivarais (in Ardeche). Some times there are also included in the name the Lyonnais (in Rhone) and the Charolais (in Saone-et-Loire). The average height is 3000 to 4000 feet ; and the highest peaks are Mount Mezenc (in Ardeche), 5788 feet, and Mount Lozere, 4880. The principal rivers which take their rise in these mountains are the Loire, the Allier, the Lot, and the Tarn. The mountains consist of limestone, greywacke, and granite; and beds of trachyte and lava give evidence of former volcanic action. In the CeVennes are found iron, coal, lead, silver, copper, antimony, marble, and porphyry. The lower slopes are well cultivated ; higher up good pasturage is found ; while the summits are generally covered with forests of chestnut and pine. The Cevennes are famous as the retreats of the Albigenses, Waldenses, and Camisards.