Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/369

Rh other hand, considerably improved in translation ; and the appearance of his version attracted much attention in Italy and France, and raised up many imitators of the Ossianic style. Cesarotti also produced a number of works in prose, including a Course of Greek Literature, and essays OH the Origin and Progress of the Poetic Art, On tlie sources of the Pleasure derived from Tragedy, On the Philosophy of Lan guage, and On the Philosophy of Taste, the last being a defence of his own great eccentricities in criticism. His style is forcible but full of Gallicisms, and he is too fond of novelty both in expression and matter. A complete edition of his works, in 42 vols. 8vo, began to appear at Pisa in 1800, and was completed in 1813 after his death. See Memoirs by Barbieri (Padua, 1810).  CESSNA (Lat. Cccsena, or Ccesenia), an episcopal city of Emilia, in the province of Forli, a station on the railroad between Bologna and Ancona, gives its name to a &quot; cir- coudario&quot; and to two subdivisions or &quot;mandamenti&quot; of the same. Population of circondario in 1862, 77,489. A very fertile region, it makes good white wine of some reputation, rears silk-worms to some extent, and has some sulphur mines, lignite, and specially good brick clay ; but its principal source of wealth is its hemp, deemed the best in the north of Italy. The city (15 miles E. of Forli, 25 N. of Rimini, 17^ S. of Ravenna) has 7777 inhabitants, and lies where the Apennine melts into the plain, at the foot of the Monte Garampo, on which once stood the ancient cathedral, replaced by another of debased Gothic architecture, built in the 15th century, in which are some works of Donatello. On the hill above the city are also the imposing ruins of the castle, believed to have been built by the Emperor Frederick -II. The famous sanctuary of Madonna del Monte, with its church by Bramante, is also a prominent object in the landscape. The town, irregularly but well built, and divided by the little river Cesola, has several interesting buildings. The town hall is of good mediaeval architecture, and possesses a very fine Francia, a Sassoferrato, and some other interesting pictures. Cesena has a large and handsome theatre, some fine palaces of the provincial noble families, and a cemetery of which it is specially proud, one of the handsomest and best ordered in Italy The little city has an interesting history of its own, full of eventful changes. It fell in the 4th century under the tyranny of the Malatesta family, one of the worst races of the Italian mediaaval tyrants. But it was perpetually rebelling, and occasionally recovering its liberty and autonomy. Dante, in the 27th canto of the Inferno, characterizes Cesena as living midway between tyranny and freedom, even as she is placed physically between the mountains and the plain. In 1859 Cesena was among the first of the cities of the Romagna which threw off the Papal yoke,  CESPEDES (in Italian ), (1533-1608), was born at Cordova, and was educated at Alcala de Henares, where he studied theology and Oriental languages. On leaving the university, he went to Rome, where he became the pupil and friend of Federigo Zucchero, under whose direction he studied particularly ths works of Raphael and of Michelangelo. In 1560, while yet in Rome, proceedings were taken against him by the Inquisition at Valladolid on account of a letter which, found among the papers of the archbishop of Toledo, had been written by Cespedes during the preceding year, and in which he had spoken with great freedom against the holy office and the inquisitor-general, Fernando de Valdes. Cespedes remained in Rome at this critical moment, and from which city he appears rightly to have treated this matter of the prose cution with derision. It is not known how he contrived to bring the proceedings to an end; he returned, however, to Spain a little before 1577, and in that year was installed in a preband of the cathedral at Cordova, he resided till his death. A distinguished poet, a remarkable painter, eminent also as an architect and sculptor, Pablo de Cespedes has been called the most savant of Spanish artists. According to his friend Francisco Pacheco, to whom posterity is indebted for the preservation of all of Cespedes s verse that is extant, the school of Seville owes to him its introduction to the practice of chiaroscuro. Pie was a bold and correct draughts man, a skilful anatomist, a master of colour and composition; and the influence he exerted to the advantage of early Spanish art was considerable. Cristobal de Vera, Juan de Penalosa, and Zambrano were among his pupils. His best picture is a Last Supper at Cordova ; but there are good examples of his work at Seville and at Madrid. Cespeclea was author of several opuscules in prose on subjects connected with his profession. Of his poem on The Art of Painting enough was preserved by Pacheco to enable us to form an opinion of the whole. It is esteemed the best didactic verse in Spanish ; Marchena and Castro compare it, not disadvantageously, with the Georgics. It H written in strong and sonorous octaves, in the majestic declamatory vein of Fernando Herrera, and is not altogether so dull and lifeless as is most didactic verse. It contains a glowing eulogy of Michelangelo, and some excellent, advice to young painters, insisting particularly on hard work and on the study of nature. The few fragments yet remaining, amounting in all to some six hundred lines, were first printed by Pacheco in his treatise Del Arte de la Pintura, in 1649.  CETACEA (from the Greek word K^TOS, a whale) is the name employed by zoologists to characterize the important order of Mammals which contains the whales and dolphins.. These mammals are aquatic in their habits, and possess a fish-like form. They differ from fishes in breathing by lungs and not by gills, in being viviparous and not oviparous, and in suckling their young with a pair of milk-secreting glands or mammae. This order was formerly divided- into two groups the herbivorous eetacea and the carnivorous eetacea. By modern zoologists the herbivorous eetacea, which include the animals called dugong, manatee, and rytina, are not regarded as whales, but are referred to a distinct order named Sirenia. The order Cetacea, there fore, in its present acceptation is limited to the toothed whales or Odontoceti and the whalebone whales or Mystacoceti. For the organization, classification, and dis tribution of these animals, see.  CETINA,, soldier and poet, was born at Seville during the earlier years of the 16th century. Choosing the career of arms as a means of obtaining the preferment he needed, he served several campaigns in Italy, fought at the leaguer of Tunis (1535) against Barbarossa, and continued in the practice of his profession for some years in Flanders, under Ferdinand of Austria. The death of the prince of Ascoli, his patron and protector, whom he mourned in a fine elegiac sonnet, and his own continued poverty, would seem to have disgusted him with the trade of war. He returned to Seville, departing thence soon afterwards for Mexico, where he had a brother high in office. No more is known of him, saving that he came back again to the city of his birth, and that he died there, it is supposed about 1560. An enthusiast in art, the friend of Boscan and Garcilaso, of Hurtado de Mendoza and Jeronimo de Urrea, Gutierre de Cetina, as may naturally be inferred, followed in the wake of these poets, renouncing the old Castiliau creed, and preaching the new evangel of Petrarch. His poems, which were not published till long after his death, consist of sonnets, canzoni, epistles in terzct rima, and madrigals, and are remarkable for elegance and simplicity of form, and for grace and tenderness of thought 