Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/293

Rh Solanaceae, have not the narcotic properties of the genera of the most nearly allied order Atropaceae, unless, as has been affirmed, these are resident in the pulp of certain species of capsicums. Medicinally, Cayenne pepper is used with cinchona in lethargic affections, also in atonic gout accompanied by flatulence, and in tympanites and paralysis. It is employed as a stimulant in those forms of dyspepsia which are due to faulty chymification and defec tive secretion of gastric juice. In malignant scarlatina it is used either in the form of a tincture or as a gargle. To make the tincture, a pint of vinegar is boiled with two tablespoonfuls of powdered chillies and a teaspoonful of salt, and then strained. Cayenne pepper taken in large quantities acts as an irritant poison. A dose of powdered capsicum is from 1 to 5 grs., and of the tincture from 5 to 15 drops.  CAYLUS,, Marquis d Esternay, Baron de Bransac (1692-1765), was born at Paris in October 1692. He was the eldest son of Lieutenant-General Count de Caylus, and while a young man he distinguished himself in the cam paigns of the French army, from 1709 to 1714. After the peace of Rastadt, he spent some time in travelling in Italy, Greece, the East, England, and Germany, and devoted much attention to the study and collection of antiquities, publishing several works on the subject, among which are the Recueil des Antiquites egyptiennes, etrusques, grecques, romaines, et gauloises (Paris, 1752-5), Numismata Aurea Imperatorum Romanorutn, and a description of the method of encaustic painting with wax mentioned by Pliny, which he had rediscovered. He was also an admirable engraver, and he copied many of the paintings of the great masters He did his best to assist the cause of art, by writing the lives of the most celebrated painters, by causing engravings to be made, at his own expense, of Bartoli s copies from ancient pictures, and by publishing his Nouveaux svjets de peinture et de sculpture, (1755) and Tableaux tires de I lliade, de I Odysse, et de UEneide (1757). Caylus is besides known as the author of a number of romances, humorous pieces, and fairy tales. He was a man of singular simplicity, generosity, and kindliness.  CAZALLA, a town of Spain, in the pro vince of Seville, 36 miles north of the city of that name, on the Sierra Morena. The town is well laid out, and contains numerous churches, and there are Roman and Moorish antiquities in its suburbs. The neighbouring mountains are well wooded, and yield ores of iron, copper, silver, and antimony, pyrites, and variegated marble. Tan ning, weaving, the making of oil, brandy, and wine, and the smelting and working of metals, are the chief employ ments of the inhabitants. Population, 6850.  CAZEMBE is properly the hereditary name of an African chief, whose territory is situated to the south of Lake Moero and the north of Bangweolo, between 11 and 9 S. lat. In the end of the last century the authority of the Cazembe was recognized over a very extensive district, but the prestige of the dynasty has greatly diminished, and the present representative does not even rank first among the tributaries of the Muatiyanvo of the Rua or Moluwa kingdom. The country, which has no more distinctive title than the land of the Cazembe, is estimated to have an area of 120,000 square miles and a population of 500,000. It forms a kind of hollow plain, and is richly watered by numerous rivers. Of these the most important is the Luapula, which flows from Bangweolo to Moero, and forms, according to the conjecture of Cameron, one of the head waters of the Congo. The population, consists mainly of two races, the Messiras and the Campololas, of whom the former are native and subjugated, and the latter intrusive and dominant. The Campol61as alone are eligible to public offices, and their language is that spoken at court. Considerable attention is paid throughout the country to agriculture ; and millet, maize, manioc, sugar cane, yams, gourds, and bananas are grown. The ass and horse are both totally unknown ; sheep are very scarce, but cattle are fairly abundant. Salt is obtained in various places, and forms an important source of wealth. Coarse cotton cloth, earthenware, and iron goods are the chief manufactures; and slaves, ivory, and copper-ore are almost the only exports. The Cazembe has despotic power, and uses it in a most barbarous fashion. He has COO wives, and his nobles imitate his example according to their means. On his accession every new Cazembe chooses a new site for his residence, and thus the country cannot be said to have a permanent capital. The residence at the time of Dr Livingstone s journey in 1868 was situated about a mile to the north of the small lake of Mofwe; and the town occupied, with its cassava grounds and cotton fields, about an English square mile, and had a population of about 1000. It is sometimes called Usemba or Lunda, and Magyar heard it mentioned as Tambalameba; but none of these seems to be its native name. In 1796 the Cazembe was visited by Manoel Caetano Pereira, a Portuguese merchant ; and in 1798 a more important journey was undertaken by Dr Francesco Jose Maria de Lacerda, a native of Sao Paulo in Brazil. He died at Tschungu on the 18th of October, but left behind him a valuable journal. In 1802 Honorato da Costa, superin tendent of the Cassange factory, sent two native traders or pombeiros, Pedro Joao Baptista and Anastacio Jose, on a visit to the Cazembe; and in 1831 a more extensive mis sion was despatched by the Portuguese governor of Rios de Sena. It consisted of Major Jose Monteiro and Antonio Gamitto, with an escort of 20 soldiers and 120 negro slaves as porters ; bat its reception by the Cazembe was not altogether satisfactory. Another expedition is said to have been undertaken in 1853 by a Mr Freitas; and a few notes of a Moorish traveller are given in the Geographical Journal for 1854, Livingstone s visit in 1868 has already been mentioned.

1em  CAZORLA, a town of Spain, in the province of Jaen, on the Vega. It is generally well built, and contains two ancient castles (one of them Arabic), several hospitals, a spacious theatre, a very ancient church, and several con vents. It was an important military station under the Moors, and has suffered frequently during the civil wars in Spain. In 1811 it was captured and partly burned by the French, and in 1837 it was distinguished in the Carlist contest. Population, 4980.  CAZOTTE, (1720-1792), a French author, was born at Dijon in 1720. He was educated by the Jesuits, and at twenty-seven he obtained a public office at Martinique, but it was not till some years after, on his return to Paris, that he appeared as an author. His first attempts, a mock romance and a coarse song, gained so much popularity, both in the court and among the people, that he was encouraged to essay something more ambitious. He accordingly produced his Roman d Olivier. He also wrote a number of sportive effusions, such as Diable Amoureux, among which was a continuation of Voltaire s Guerre Civile de Geneve, the verisimilitude of which was 