Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/285

Rh September 9, 1588, having circumnavigated the globe in two years and fifty days. It is said that his sailors were clothed in silk, his sails were damask, and his topmast covered with cloth of gold. His hastily-acquired riches did not last long, for in 1591 he had reduced himself to the necessity of undertaking another expedition with five vessels. This voyage was a most disastrous one. His crews were mutinous, and after leaving the Straits of Magellan they obliged him to steer for England. At this he became dispirited, and died of grief on the home ward voyage in 1592. The only geographical discovery of any importance which can be attributed to Cavendish is that of the harbour named by him Port Desire, on the east coast of Patagonia.  CAVENDISH,, the second son of Thomas Cavendish of Cavendish in Suffolk, clerk of the pipe in the reign of Henry VIII., was born about the year 1505. Having received a liberal education, he was taken into the family of Cardinal Wolsey, whom he served in the capacity of gentleman-usher of the chamber. Cavendish was with Wolsey when he died, and delayed going to court till he had seen his remains decently interred. The king was so far from disapproving of his conduct that he immediately took him into his household, made him treasurer of his chamber and a privy-councillor, and after wards conferred on him the order of knighthood. He was also appointed one of the commissioners for receiving the surrender of religious houses. In 1510 he was nominated one of the auditors of the court of augmentations, and soon afterwards obtained a grant of several considerable lordships in. Hertfordshire. In the reign of Edward VI. his estates were much increased by royal grants in seven different counties ; and he appears to have continued in high favour at court during the reign of Queen Mary. He died in 1557. Sir William was the founder of Chatsworth, and of the vast fortunes of his descendants, the dukes of Devon shire. He wrote The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey, of which a mutilated copy appeared in 1641. It was first correctly printed in Dr Wordsworth s Ecclesiastical Biography.  CAVENDISH,, first of. See.  CAVITE, a fortified seaport town of the Philippines, capital of a province of the same name in the Island of Luzon, nine miles south of the city of Manilla, on a tongue of land in the bay. It was formerly the head naval depot of the Spanish possessions in the East, and has an arsenal, a hospital, two churches, and three convents.  CAVORE, or, a town of Italy in the province of Turin, 25 miles south-west of the city of that name. It carries on silk-spinning and linen-weaving, as well as a trade in grain. In 14.33 it was bestowed by Amadeus VIII. of Savoy on the lords of Raconis, and in the 16th and 17th centuries it appears from time to time in the various wars and revolutions. In more recent days it has given its name to the great statesman of Italy whose family were raised to the marquisate of Cavour in the middle of the last century. An earthquake did considerable damage to the town in 1808. Population, 7380.  CAVOUR, (1810-1861). Camillo Benso di Cavour, the regenerator of Italy, and one of the greatest of modern statesmen, was born at Turin on the 1st of August 1810. The family of the Bensi was a very ancient one. The founder of it, a Saxon warrior named Hubert, after following Barbarossa in his Italian wars, and making a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, married a Piedrnontese heiress about the middle of the 12th century, and settled on the very estate of Santena where the remains of his great descendant were lately laid. In the early part of their history, the Bensi seem to have been connected with the small neighbouring republic of Chieri, later with the House of Savoy, which gradually gained the upper hand in those parts of Northern Italy. Their life, like that of other feudal barons, was stirring, rough-handed, and adventurous. Members of the family are frequently to be met with in history, but none of them eminent enough to deserve mention here. In the middle of last century the head of the Bensi was raised to the dignity of marquis, under the name of Cavour. Accordingly, at the beginning of this century we find the father of the great statesman in possession of the title of marquis. He had married a Genevese lady of rank, and both held offices in the house hold of the Prince Borghese, husband of the Princess Pauline, the beautiful sister of Napoleon, who was governor of Piedmont in those days when Europe lay at the feet of the French conqueror. Under these circumstances was the future deliverer of Italy born, the second son of this Piedmontese nobleman and of his Genevese wife. The Princess Pauline, the sister of one Napoleon, and aunt of another, who have so powerfully influenced the destinies of Italy, presented the infant Camillo at the font. Cavour spent the first ten years of his life in his father s house at Turin, enjoying all the advantages which favour the full and genial development of both mind and body. The old marquis, who became a decided conservative after the Revolution, was a wise and benevolent father, and an upright man. He enjoyed the care, too, of an accomplished mother, of a grandmother still more accomplished, and of two aunts, who, having no children of their own, naturally bestowed all their affection on him and his elder brother. For some time he had no love for his lessons ; in fact, he had a perfect horror of them. The probability is that the buoyancy and energy of his nature made him averse to such restraint. He was an active, energetic boy, full of animal spirits and never tired of play, strong of will, yet genial and good-natured. In a little time he became a voracious reader, but as full of frolic as ever. At ten years of age Camillo, being intended for the army, left home to enter the military academy. There he studied hard, especially mathematics. As he afterwards regretted, the literary side of his education had been neglected, perhaps because he had never been attracted to literature by any of those circumstances which call forth a dormant power, perhaps because the original bent of his mind was too strong towards the clear and the utilitarian. Mathematics satisfied his love for definite statement and clear demonstrative argument. He had no inclination towards metaphysics, had little imagination, and was never tempted to run after vague ideals. The only speculations he indulged in were social, political, or industrial, those, in fact, which are closely connected with tangible and positive interests. But his after career as plainly stows that he was capable of a deep and absorbing enthusiasm, which was all the more powerful and effective, because disciplined by a sure judgment and a wise patience. Anyhow, he was a very successful student in the subjects taught at the military academy. This is proved by the fact, that he was appointed to a commission in the engineers at the age of sixteen, though by the rules of the service it was not under twenty such a post could be granted. At the military academy an incident occurred which is a clear indication of his character, and helped greatly to determine his future career. Being the son of a noble family, he was honoured with the dignity of page in the royal household. An ordinary boy would have been highly delighted with this introduction to court life ; but to Cavour its restraints, its etiquette, and its livery were a galling load, and, as he was by no means ready to learn the lessons of what is called a wise reticence, he was soon 