Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/273

Rh appointment and the reports which were current of intended attempts on his life or liberty induced him to leave France. He went to Switzerland, and afterwards to Holland ; and there he married a daughter of Madame Dunoyer, the latter a lady of Nimes, who had once been sought in marriage by Voltaire. He then passed into England for the purpose of recruiting his regiment of Camisards. He had an interview with Queen Anne, of which conflicting accounts are given. But so highly was his military genius valued that he was sent with his regiment to take part in the famous expedition to Spain, under the earl of Peter borough and Sir Cloudesley Shovel (May 1705). At the battle of Almanza his Camisards encountered a French regi ment which they had met in the Cevennes, and, without tiring, the foes rushed to a hand to hand fight and made a fearful slaughter. Cavalier was severely wounded, and was saved from death by an English officer. On his return to England a small pension was given him, and after long wait ing he was made a major-general and named governor of Jersey. This post was afterwards exchanged for the gover norship of the Isle of Wight. Cavalier died at Chelsea, in the first half of May 1740, and there his remains were in terred. Malesherbes, the courageous friend and defender of Louis XVI., bears the following eloquent testimony to this young hero of the Cevennes : &quot; I confess,&quot; he says, &quot; that this warrior, who, without ever having served, found himself by the mere gift of nature a great general, this Camisard who was bold to punish a crime in the presence of a fierce troop which maintained itself by like crimes, this coarse peasant who, when admitted at tsventy years of age into the society of cultivated people, caught their manners and won their love and esteem, this man who, though accustomed to a stormy life, and having just cause to be proud of his success, had yet enough philosophy in him by nature to enjoy for thirty-five years a tranquil private life, appears to me to be one of the rarest characters to be found in history.&quot; There is a work, little esteemed, entitled Memoirs of the War in the Cevennes, under Colonel Cavalier, which appears to have been written not by Cavalier himself but by a French refugee named Galli. For a more detailed account see Mrs Bray s Revolt of the Protestants of the Cevennes, published in 1870.  CAVALLINI, (c. 1259-1344), born in Rome towards 1259, was an artist of the earliest epoch of the modern Roman School, and was taught painting and mosaic by Giotto while employed at Rome ; and it is believed that he assisted his master in the mosaic of the Navicella, or ship of St Peter, in the porch of the church of that saint. Lanzi describes him as an adept in both arts, and mentions with approbation his grand fresco of a Crucifixion at Assisi, still in tolerable preservation ; he was, moreover, versed in architecture and in sculpture. According to George Vertue, it is highly probable that Cavallini executed, in 1279, the mosaics and other ornaments of the tomb of Edward the Confessor in West minster Abbey. He would thus be the &quot; Petrus Civis Romanus &quot; whose name is inscribed on the shrine ; but his extreme youth at this date tends to discredit the supposi tion. The work, if really his, must have been executed in Rome, where he appears to have constantly resided. He died in 1344, at the age of eighty-five, in the odour of sanctity, having in his later years been a man of eminent piety. He is said to have carved for the Basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura, close to Rome, a crucifix which spoke in 1370 to a female saint.  CAVALLO, (1749-1809), an electrician and natural philosopher, son of a physician established at Naples, was born in that city, March 30, 1749. His father died when he was only eleven years old, but he received a liberal education through the kindness of his friends, and com pleted his studies at the university of Naples. He was originally destined for commerce, and came to England in 1771, in order to obtain more complete information respecting the various objects of mercantile pursuit. But he soon abandoned his intention of adopting that mode of life, and determined to devote his time to science. His mind, however, was rather imitative than original ; and he is said to have found it easier to learn Euclid by heart than in the ordinary way, which indeed he found im possible. He became a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Naples, and a fellow of the Royal Society of London. He died at London in 1809. The splendid improvements which had been lately made in electricity directed his attention to that department of natural philosophy ; and his chief works are A Complete Treatise of Electricity (1777), Essay on Medical Electricity (1780), and The Elements of Natural and Experimental Philo sophy (1803).  CAVALRY. From the earliest dates, at which there is any record of armed men being systematically trained and organized, cavalry has always formed an integral part of every army, although the relative size and importance of the arm has varied, according to the nature of the country and the peculiarities of its inhabitants. Egypt probably affords the earliest historical records of any distinct attempt at military organization. In that country cavalry and horsemanship were held in high repute, according to tha prophet Isaiah. Diodorus of Sicily tells us that Osyman- dias led 20,000 cavalry against the rebels in Bactriana, and that twenty-five generations elapsed between Osyman- dias and Sesostris, who seems to have been the chief founder of Egyptian greatness, and to have lived at a period indis tinctly laid down in history, but certainly long prior to the Trojan war. In early times chariots appear to have been associated with the horsemen of an army, although perfectly distinct from them. Frequent references are made in the Bible to &quot; chariots and horsemen ; &quot; and Josephus states that the army of Israelites that escaped from Egypt numbered 50,000 horsemen and 600 chariots of war. Herodotus frequently speaks of the cavalry arm, and Hip pocrates mentions the existence of a corps of young women whose breasts were seared to enable them to use the bow and javelin. Plato likewise speaks somewhat vaguely of a corps of young ladies about 500 B.C. The existence of Amazons as a race has never been supported by even moderately authentic testimony, although by some they were believed to live on the River Thermodon in the north of Asia Minor. The first authentic account that we have of cavalry being regularly organized is given by Xenophon, who states that in the first Messenian war, 743 B.C., Lycurgus formed his cavalry in divisions. Some hundred years later, in 371 B.C., Epaminondas raised a corps of 5000 cavalry, and from this date it may be said the arm was much cultivated throughout Greece, until Philip and Alexander of Macedon raised it to a great pitch of excellence. Both these monarcha were indebted for several of their greatest successes to the prowess of their cavalry ; and the exploits of Alexander s 7000 horsemen at the battle of Arbela, 331 B.C., in which he signally defeated Darius, may well serve as an example for future generations. The Greek cavalry were divided into heavy, or &quot; cataphracti,&quot; and light, or &quot; me cataphracti.&quot; To these Alexander added a third class, termed &quot; dimachse,&quot; who were trained to fight on foot or on horseback, After the death of Alexander the Great cavalry appears to have fallen into comparative disuse until the days of Hannibal and the Carthaginians. Dire experience, more especially the defeats of the Ticinus and the Trebia, taught the Romans the value of cavalry ; and in the latter days of the republic it became the most popular and highly favoured service of 