Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/179

Rh was once more committed to tlie Fleet by Aylmer, bishop of London. He was finally liberated in 1592 and allowed to preach, and the remaining eleven years of his life were undisturbed.  CARTWRIGHT, (1611-1643), an English poet, born at Northway near Tewkesbury, in September 161 1, was the son of a gentleman, who, having wasted his fortune, was reduced to the necessity of keeping an inn. William Cartwright finished his education at Oxford, entered the church, and became a popular preacher in that university. In 1642 he obtained the place of succentor in the church of Salisbury ; and he was afterwards chosen junior proctor and metaphysical reader in his university. He died of camp fever at the age of thirty-two, in 1643. He was distiuguisked by a graceful person and attractive manner, and by extraordinary industry ; and, indeed, his fame rests on his personal popularity and the praise which he received from his fellow-poets, and especially from Ben Jonson, rather than on the merit of his verses, which are, in fact, vary ordinary productions. His poems and plays ware published in 1651.  CARUPANO, a seaport town of Venezuela, South America, in the province of Cumana, 65 miles north-east of the town of that name. It is situated on the Caribbean Sea, at the opening of two valleys, and is defended by a fort. The chief trade is in horses and mules. Population 8600.  CARUS, (1789-1869), a German physio logist and psychologist, was born at Leipsic, on the 3d January 1789. He was educated at the Thomas School and the university of his native city, and devoted his attention first to chemistry, intending to enter upon the business of his father, who had a large dyeing establish ment. But a course of lectures on anatomy which he attended caused him to alter his views, and he began the systematic study of medicine. In 1811 he graduated, and began to teach as a privat-docent. The subject which he selected (comparative anatomy) had not previously been lectured on at Leipsic, and Carus soon established a repu tation as a medical teacher. In 1813 he became director of the military hospital at Pfaffendorf, near Leipsic, and in the following year he was summoned as professor to the new medical college at Dresden. In this town he spent the remainder of his life, rising to the highest dignities of his profession. He was made royal physician in 1827, and became a privy councillor in 1862. The last years of his life were spent in drawing up an autobiography, which was published under the title Lebenserinneriuiyen und Denkwurdigkeiten, four volumes, 1865-6. He died on the 28th July 1869. In philosophy Carus belongs to the school of Schelling, and his works are thoroughly impreg nated with the spirit of that system. He was also distin guished as a landscape painter and as an art critic.

1em  CARVAHAL, (1753-1834), a Spanish poet and statesman, was born at Seville in 1753. He studied at the University of Seville, and took the degree of LL.D. at Madrid. He obtained an office in the financial department of the Government ; and, in 1795 was made intendant of the colonies which had just been founded in Sierra Morena and Andalusia. During 1809- 1811, he held an intendancy in the patriot army. He became, in 1812, director of the University of San Isidro ; but, having offended the Government by establishing a chair of international law he was imprisoned for five years (1815-1820). The revolution of 1820 reinstated him, but the counter-revolution of three years later forced him into exile. After four years he was allowed to return, and he died, in 1834, a member of the Supreme Council of War. Carvahal enjoyed European fame as author of metrical translations of the poetical books of the Bible. To fit himself for this work he commenced the study of Hebrew at the age of fifty-four. He also wrote other works in verse and prose, avowedly taking Luis de Leoi as his model.  CARVIN, a town of France, in the department of Pas- de-Calais, 14J miles E.S.E. of Bethune. It is a flourishing centre of industry, and carries on a large manufacture of beetroot sugar, alcohol, and starch. Population of the town in 1872, 5780, and of the commune, 7024.  CARVING. To carve (Anglo-Saxon, ctorfan) is to cut, whatever the material; in strict language carving ia sculpture. The name of sculptor is commonly reserved for the great masters of the art, while that of carvers is given to the artists or workmen who execute subordinate decorations, e.g., of architecture in marble or stone. The word is also specially applied to sculpture in ivory and its substitutes, and in wood and other soft materials.

True ivory is the tusk of the elephant, but other inferior kinds are produced by the walrus, narwhal, and hippopotamus. Long before the art of metallurgy was generally known, among the remotest pre-historic races, carvings on ivory and on reindeer horn may be mentioned in evidence of the antiquity of this kind of art. A piece of mammoth ivory with a rucle engraving of a mammoth is preserved in. the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. Fragments of ivory and horn, carved with excellent representations of animals, found in caves in the Dordogne in France, may be seen in the British Museum. Coming to historic ages we find abundant evidence of the skill of the Egyptians in ivory carving. Two daggers inlaid and ornamented with ivory, in the British Museum, are attributed to the age of Moses. In the same collection are chairs of the 16th century B.C. inlaid ^ith ivory; two boxes in the shape of waterfowl and a small figure may perhaps be attributed to the llth. A number of carvings in ivory and bone of these and later dates are preserved in the Egyptian galleries of the Louvre in Paris (Labarte, Arts Industries, p. 186). Ivory is mentioned among the imports of Solomon (1000 B.C.) His throne of ivory overlaid with the purest gold, and the ivory house of King Ahab, are specially recorded ; the words &quot; ivory palaces &quot; in the 45th psalm are more exactly rendered &quot; wardrobes &quot; chests of wood ornamented with ivory. Horns, benches, and beds of ivory are mentioned in the prophetical books. Amongst the Hebrews, as amongst other ancient nations, sceptres, thrones, and other insignia of royalty are often spoken of as made of ivory. These objects were frequently inlaid with precious stones. Mr Layard discovered many fragments of carved ivory in Nineveh, so brittle from desiccation that they were boiled in gelatine to enable them to be safely handled. The most interesting (dated by Mr Layard about 950 B.C.) are two small tablets representing seated figures of Egyp tian character with a cartouche bearing hieroglyphics. Partt of the decoration were &quot; enamelled with a blue substance let into the ivory &quot; (rather with slices of coloured vitreous pastes, not true enamel), and the whole ground of the tablet was originally gilded, remains of the gold leaf still adher ing to it (Nineveh and its Remains, ii. p. 9). The Greeks made many precious objects in ivory even in the earliest times. Phidias and his successors (in the 5th century B.C.) made &quot;chryselephantine&quot; statues, i.e., of ivory and gold, and the practice was continued, probably, down to the Christian era. A great number of such statues 